Race and your Community Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Race and your Community - Research Paper Example My childhood memories of 'ghettos' like the one we passed through were also from car-windows, except in youth soccer games my brother and I played with mostly white kids on a large manicured field, while nearby, black kids our age played pickup games of American Football in the street.1 Sports are a divide. During a PTA meeting at my high school, one example of segregation was sporting events. The school Football team was all black, the Soccer team almost all white, and crowds in attendance reflected this. It was a tense moment; in a region with not-so-distant memories of the Civil Rights Movement, self-segregation is an uncomfortable topic. Gunnar Myrdal pointed out, "That 'all negroes are alike' and should be treated in the same way is still insisted upon by many whites, . None of the Jim Crow legislation distinguishes between classes of Negroes."2 But class always existed in the black community, and in Atlanta no one can pretend there are no distinctions. Tensions within the black community often overshadow white-black divides, although, drawn on a dark-light skin divide, they are colored by overarching realities of white supremacy. Atlanta was the one city in the Deep South to integrate peacefully, but integration triggered white flight. "Affluent whites moved to the northern suburbs to live at a distance from the city's blacks, whom segregation had concentrated in the near south side," which borders the edges of the Antebellum Black Belt, so named for the color of its soil and its people.3 Until the 1990s, the city's population declined while, amidst red-clay hills and pine forests that had been cracker country of moon shining and the Ku Klux Klan, Sun Belt suburbs and exurbs of gated communities and strip malls sprung up. These were the homes of the suburban 'angry white men' who propelled local congressman Newt Gingrich to power in 1994, believers in cheap real estate, low taxes and the need to avoid the black inner city of Atlanta during off-work hours. My Atlanta was far-removed, and hostile to, this suburban milieu. My neighborhood, Inman Park, was majority-white, but also proudly liberal and 'inner-city ,' a 1890s streetcar suburb abandoned by the rich and middle-classes for more suburban neighborhoods, a veritable slum before being discovered by 'urban pioneers' in the 1970s. It gentrified with the rise of the local shopping district of Little 5 Points as the bohemian enclave of the Southeast. My families house is a white-columned mansion reminiscent of Gone With the Wind, modeled after the nearby Candler Mansion of Coca-Cola founder Asa Candler, an estate built not by cotton, but by sugar-water. True to clich, my brother and I were raised by our black housekeeper, Cathy Davis, and spent time in her neighborhood, in the black suburbs of southwest DeKalb County. Driving past the high school, the kids shouting 'white boy,' I remember feeling hurt. But I hurt others: one time I, playing with Cathy's son Nolan, I used the word 'colored,' which I had heard in a TV docudrama about young Martin Luther King. Cathy scolded me, 'We all human beings. God doesn't change the color of our skin.' Coming of age in the South is learning the color line. Bordering my neighborhood is Little 5, interracial, counter-cultural haven of drug dealers, con men, queers, hippies, punks, Rastas, street-musicians, bums and starry-eyed suburban teens. The other sides of the tracks, literally, are the

Land Law Essay Example for Free

Land Law Essay Some of the essential requirements of easements are the presence of a dominant and a servient tenement. In general, dominant tenements are estates that are either fee simple or leasehold; moreover, easements cannot exist in gross or in the absence of a dominant tenement. Further, it is essential for an easement to bestow on the dominant tenement either a benefit or some form of accommodation. This makes it mandatory for the accrual of a tangible benefit to the dominant tenement. Consequently, the easement should make it possible for the dominant owner to utilize the dominant tenement to a greater extent and the benefit conferred must pertain to land. In addition, the dominant and servient tenements should be sufficiently proximate to each other. Moreover, the owner or occupant of the dominant and servient tenements should be different persons. Furthermore, such easement should be eligible to be made the subject matter of a grant by deed. Such a requirement further entails that the granted right is unambiguous, capable of adequately precise definition. In addition, such subject matter should be in concord with the nature of the easement, which in other words, connotes that the easement does not permit exclusive and unrestricted use of the land . Furthermore, the grantee must be competent, and not some indefinite entity. Such a grantee should possess an interest in the dominant tenement at the time of the grant. Moreover, a grantor who is competent to grant such a right should exist and while making the grant, the servient owner should possess an interest in the concerned tenement that is equal to or greater than the interest that devolves from the tenement. There are a few interests that exist in respect of the land bestowed on a land owner, which are conceded by the courts. In one important case, Hill v. Tupper , Pollack C B stated that â€Å"A new species of incorporeal hereditament cannot be created at the will and pleasure of the owner of property; but he must be content to accept the estate and the right to dispose of it subject to the law as settled by decisions or controlled by Act of Parliament† . Moreover, an easement should accommodate the dominant tenement. The right of easement provides a personal advantage; that is related to the land owned by that party. This right enhances the advantage of its enjoyment . There are four components that govern easement in order to accommodate dominant tenement. First, the right to easement requires an improvement in the position of the dominant tenement into an enhanced and convenient property instead of converting it into a personal advantage of the dominant owner. Second, the dominant and servient tenements need to be located proximally so that the easement provides a potential benefit to the dominant tenement. For instance, a track used for carts, which caters to the needs of the farmer and accommodates the farming activities of the farmer, could be located far away from the farm. Third, the users should be disconnected and fourth, there should not be any personal advantage. This had been established in the aforementioned case of Hill v Tupper, in which the owner of a canal leased the banks of the canal and the right to operate boats on the canal to the defendants. In this case the court held that the claimant had a personal interest and thus was precluded from defending against third party actions . Not every right that is granted in respect of land constitutes an easement. For instance, if one person gives another the right to cross his land, which is located at an appreciable distance from the other person’s land, then such a right is not an easement. This was clearly established in the Hill v. Tupper case, wherein the Basingstoke Canal owners extended exclusive rights to the plaintiff to hire boats that would be used for recreational purposes. This business of the plaintiff was jeopardized by the defendant who commenced to compete with him . Instead of filing a breach of contract against the owners of the Basingstoke Canal, the plaintiff, filed a case against the defendant pleading that the defendant was liable in nuisance to him. The Court of the Exchequer, which was hearing this case, expressed its lack of competency to generate, rights that were unrelated to the enjoyment of land and appropriate them to the land with the objective of forming a property in the grantee. However, the plaintiff did possess property that adjoined it . The reason for such a decision can be construed to be that the court was disinclined to permit a commercial benefit to be construed as an easement. This tendency of the courts is clearly established in the case of Moody v. Steggles. In this case an advertisement of a public house was displayed in the defendant’s adjoining land. The court held that the right under dispute pertained to the plaintiff’s business and therefore was unconnected to the right of easement. Thus the easement and the manner in which the land had been occupied were intimately connected . The court decided in the case of London and Blenheim Estates V Ladbrokeretail Parks that a tenement that was dominant had to be adequately identified as such and that it must be sufficiently described so as to render the easement binding on the servient tenement. The appellate court held that it was inadequate to merely grant the right to nominate unspecified land as constituting a dominant tenement in respect of an easement, in order to generate an interest in the land that would serve to bind successors in title to the servient tenement . It is essential for different persons to possess dominant and servient tenements, because an easement constitutes a right over somebody else’s property. Pollock CB, made the distinction between proprietary and personal rights, crystal clear when he opined that ‘A grantor may bind himself by covenant to allow any right he pleases over his property, but he cannot annex to it a new incident, so as to enable the grantee to sue in his own name for an infringement of such a limited right as that now claimed. The sum and substance of this statement is that a number of rights can be created that are governed by contract. Further, it is permissible for a leasehold tenant or a fee simple owner to grant easements. However, a tenant can do so only during the pendency of the lease. If these requirements are not fulfilled, then there is no easement, despite the possible existence of a restrictive covenant, license or lease. With the case of Hill v. Tupper it became evident that an easement must accommodate the dominant tenement. For an easement to be valid, it has to necessarily bestow some benefit on the land, rather than on the owner. In the Hill case the servient tenement was a waterway and lease granted to the claimant was in respect of some land that adjoined this canal. In addition, the claimant was exclusively permitted to make available pleasure luxury boats on this canal. The court however, held that the conduct of business on the servient tenement was insufficient to bestow an easement on the claimant and that it constituted nothing more than a license. Moreover, the court held that the claimant was making a blatant claim to ensure a commercial monopoly. Furthermore, the court decided that no easement could specify the exclusive use of a servient tenement in order to exclude other reasonable users . In Dyce v. Hay there was a claim that all the Queens subjects had the right to go at all times upon the†¦appellants property†¦for the purpose of recreation. It was held that There can be no prescriptive right in the nature of a servitude or easement so large as to preclude the ordinary uses of property by the owner of the lands affected . As per Lord St. Leonards, the class of servitudes and easements should change and widen in their applicability in accordance with the changes in society and the human condition . This opinion has to be interpreted, while bearing in the mind the maxim that English law does accord, with the exception of statute, recognition to an easement in its entirety. In other words easement should be restrictive. The judgment in the Dyce case makes it very clear that the judiciary was not disposed to expanding the category of easement in order to include rights that had not been recognized by the extant statute. In general some rights are not recognized by the courts as easements. These are a right to a view; a general right to loiter on some other person’s property and a right to shelter oneself from the elements with the help of neighbouring buildings. However, it was clearly demonstrated in the Dyce case that such a list of rights is not conclusive and could be expanded if so required. Although, the list of rights that could be construed to be easements cannot be enumerated, nevertheless, such rights should be similar to those rights that have been accorded the status of easements by law. However, the courts have been reluctant to permit new rights to be accorded the status of easements.

Ethical Issues in Randomized Control Trials

Ethical Issues in Randomized Control Trials PROBLEM 1 A research team is conducting a Randomized Control Trial of a new drug to treat the common symptom of the Ebola virus (fever) over the past six (6) months. The experimental group consisted of female Ebola patients aged between 30 and 50 years to whom the new drug was administered. The control group consisted of male Ebola patients aged between 70 and 80 years. To this control group placebo, a substance that resembles medicine superficially and is believed by the patient to be medicine but that has no medicinal value was administered. Discuss ethical issues associated with this research design? Ebola virus disease also as (EVD) is a highly infectious and contaminating disease which has recently killed thousands especially in West African. This disease is a severe and most often fatal illness in humans. The Research design used Randomized Control Trial, however it does not state how it was able calculate the RCT sample size. The years in age of women and men are listed but we do not know how many participants the experiment had. This research conducted random sampling, was the randomization truly â€Å"random,† or are there really are two populations being studied here. It is very difficult to come up with two randomized age groups of men and women. As stated above Ebola is a very dangerous disease and one of the ethical issues in research is that vulnerable groups should not be used unless benefits outweigh the damages, the age group of men between 70-80yrs fall in that category as elderly. This research design would have been giving this vulnerable group a placebo m edicines (dumpy) to this group over a period of 6 months. How many individuals would have been lost to this fatal killer disease? The declaration of Helsinki states that in any medical study, every patient including those of a control group, if any should be assured of the best proven diagnostic and therapeutic method. The controlled group where not assumed of this, placebo control trials are justified when it comes to testing a new product like hair removing creams which has no permanent damage, with severe illness this cannot be acceptable .illness that are fatal and highly contagious when with a placebo control is not justifiable with Ebola because without any medical intervention they will die. The study design also shows large evidence of both allocation and performance bias, in a sense the women that were selection to the intervention group were specifically chosen to be in the intervention group, due to the fact that they will perform better, by facilitating quick and desirab le recovery compared to the elderly men whom their bodies cannot respond with the same efficiency. Lastly some of these elderly men are Husbands, Dads, Granddads, brothers of other people countless family will suffer endlessly over 6 months, whilst their relative is not getting any help at all. What modifications would you suggest on the research design in future? There is never a single way to follow when it comes to research, however they are research design which are more suitable and permit the evidence obtained to answer the initial question as explicitly as possible. In future I would use I would use Time series design. This is due to the fact that Time series design allows each participant to receive an intervention over a period of time and results are measured before and after any intervention. Hence reducing the fatality that are associated with Ebola but also making it less contagious if the medication is being effective. Another change I would introduce is to remove the placebo medication, one cannot be comparing a drug efficiency to a dumpy Placebo, and if it is a new medication then it will have to be compared to other similar drugs to assess its effectiveness instead of nothing, whilst humans are dying and others getting contaminated within that 6 months. Another change would be for the research not to use vulnerable elderly as the control group, hence using adolescent and young adult sample population, since they would give a clearer indication to the efficiency of the new drug. Lastly I would calculate a large enough sample size to increase the findings internal and external validity. Due to Ebola being fatal a sample size would help, by clarifying the total fatalities experience but most important the number of patients cured. PROBLEM 2 One of the leading causes of fast spread of HIV and AIDS in Africa is poverty particularly income poverty that forces unmarried women and girls to indulge in prostitution. In January2005, the IMF/World Bank designed a 10-year micro-finance targeting 1000 prostitutes. The aim of the project was to see a significant drop in the number of women or girls who indulge in this malpractice. To be registered as a beneficiary, interested women and girls were required submitted an application and pay a processing fee of MK500. A total of 2500 applications were received at the close of the deadline. To identify project beneficiaries, it was decided that a lottery be conducted and that all applicants be invited to witness the draw. After selecting the beneficiaries (i.e., treated group), a random draw was also conducted to select non-beneficiaries (i.e., control group). Discuss ethical issues associated with this research design? Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS develops from infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency Virus), which attacks the immune system and disables a person’s defenses against other diseases, including infections and certain cancers. This research used Random selection to find the 1000 participants it wanted to induct into the micro-finance program .Firstly the time frame of the project, the project was meant to run for 10 years and considering that this will have been an observation study design a lot of things can happen within the 10 years, which will affect the internal Validity of the findings. Secondly this Research design asked participants to pay for the application ,a sum of K500 which would total up to K1,250,000 million for the 2500 applicants. Research ethics prohibits payments that can potentially cause pressure, bribes and economic social disadvantages. Therefore many individuals who really need the help would have been excluded, subsequently them havi ng inability to source out the K500.It is also unethical asking money from a poverty group who happens to practice prostitution, they will engage in this malpractice to raise that K500, leading to the project not trying to stop prostitution but encouraging it on the other hand. Research designs have to respect the privacy and confidentiality of participants at all times. Conducting a Lottery where everyone is invited and dividing the treatment and control groups of prostitutes in front of a congregation hampers privacy and confidentiality ethics, this sort of exposure can result into the applicants looked down upon by community members. What modifications would you suggest on the research design in future? When it comes to payments, Research ethics promotes that participants should be suitably compensated for any expenses, compensated for effort, time or lost income, and acknowledged for their contribution.in total this research raised K1,250,000 million. The suitability of this money is not justifiable since IMF bank will actually be spending huge amounts monthly to sustain this project. I would remove this application fee so that its open to every suitable candidate without having financial hinders. The applicants were unmarried women and girls, I think that the focus should have been different since these are different age groups. The women can be put on the micro-financing plan whist the girls can be given a different option to continue on with education and the money directed towards their fees. To expand on that it would be better to teach the participants to fish rather than give them fish every time for 10 years, since when the project stops they will go back and continue with their malpractices (prostitution) .However if you can teach some of the women income generating activities and education for the girls then they will be able to become dependent and stop the prostitution altogether. This is known as transformative participatory monitoring and evaluation. Another change that I would install is the time span of the projects 10 years is a lot of time, I would change the Research design to Randomized Control Trial with Crossover design. This would allow all 2500 participants to partake, thus not having any control groups, but time sequence when they would be receiving the money, hence follow ups can be conducted to what the individuals are capable of with and without benefits. Futuristic speaking, I would change the design of the selecting process of the 2 groups, a Lottery selection were everyone is invited would be cancelled and conduct an expert panel to assess economic, social and health status of the applicants. Decisions would be made and benefici aries awarded to the real needy ones. REFERENCES Kazdin, A.E. (2010).Single-Case Research Designs: Methods for Clinical and Applied Settings, 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press. Millum,J Grady C. (2013) The ethics of placebo-controlled trials: methodological justifications.. Contemp Clin Trials.36(2):510-4 Rothman KJ, Michels KB: The continuing unethical use of placebo controls.N Engl J Med331:394–398,1994

The Mobot Project: Longwood :: essays research papers

The MOBOT Project: Longwood In modern engineering, a systematic approach is used in the design, operation, and construction of an object to reach a desired goal. The first step of the process employs what is commonly known as the scientific method. The next step involves forming an interdisciplinary team of specialists from not only the various engineering disciplines, but from other fields whose knowledge may be useful or even necessary to completing the project. This step doesn't apply to our project, due the confined nature of the class. Finally, considerations must be taken into account to ensure that the project is efficient as well as cost effective.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The goal of the MOBOT Project was to design and build a programmable robot. The robot had to complete a series of four movements in four given directions over a distance of at least 6 inches. Power and weight restrictions were applied to ensure the safety of the students and, more importantly, the teacher. As the goals of the project were made clearer, our group began discussing possible ideas for the design. There were some disagreements about whether we should take the electromechanical route or the purely electrical one. And after some deep thought, we all agreed that the mechanical way would be the simplest to build and the most merciful on our pocketbooks. Even though we were coming up with some good ideas, each design seemed to contain some major problems. One of the reoccurring problems dealt with the synchronization of the driver motor and the steering system. Finally the team came up with a design that allowed the drive and steering controls to be independent of one another, but still allowing each one to be linked in time. This design has now become what is known as LONGWOOD.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Longwood is divided into two main parts: 1)motion system and 2)logic board. As the engineer, I was responsible for motion design. Therefore, that will be the focus for the remainder of this section.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main components of the motion system consist of a platform, three wheels, a wheel frame, two motors, and two contact switches. Two of the wheels were connected to a motor and attached at the front end of the platform. These wheels were only allowed to move simultaneously in either a forward or reverse direction. The third wheel was hooked up to the wheel frame and free to rotate approximately 45 degrees in either direction. Figure 1.1 shows an illustration of how the wheel frame works. The wheel frame and third wheel were then attached to the platform completing the basic assembly.

Waiting ‘Til the Midnight Hour

Jerome Carlos Johnson SOCI 3345: Sociology of the 1960’s Five Page Book Review: Waiting ‘Til the Midnight Hour by Peniel Joseph February 28, 2013 Waiting ‘Til the Midnight Hour by Peniel Joseph Within the eleven chapters that comprise Waiting ‘Til the Midnight Hour lays a treasure chest of information for anyone interested in Black or African American history, particularly the civil rights movement that took place during the 1950’s and 1960’s. I am a self-professed scholar of African American history and I found an amazing amount of information that I was not aware of.Like most who claim to be Black History experts, I was aware of the roles of Martin Luther King, Malcolm X, Rosa Parks, W. E. B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey. However, I was not aware of the impact that so many lesser known figures had in the civil rights movement. It was refreshing to learn of the roles played by Harold Cruse, Arturo Schomburg, Richard Wright, Ella Baker and Robert F . Williams. Reading this book definitely gave me a new perspective on the civil rights movement and the legacies of its leaders.Waiting ‘Til the Midnight Hour took me on a journey through the tumultuous events of the civil rights movement, as well as introducing me to key players in the movement of which I was previously unaware. In addition, the book served as an avenue of connecting the various segments and factions of the civil rights movement. The book also did a great job of presenting the nationwide struggle of African Americans rather than focusing on one specific geographical area. It was a daunting task, but the author did a great job of accurately placing all the pieces of the puzzle together that comprised the struggle for freedom.Through his writings in Waiting ‘Til the Midnight Hour, Peniel Joseph did a great job of contrasting the stark difference between integrationists like Martin Luther King and nationalists (or separatists) like Malcolm X. Peniel Joseph was able to paint the stark contrast between the two major factions of the civil rights movement by exploring their beginnings several decades prior to the climax of the movement in the 1950’s and 1960’s. The book begins by detailing Malcolm X’s rise to prominence within the Nation Of Islam. The book clearly shows the power that Malcolm X wielded in the African American community.In many ways this book provides solid evidence of my personal opinion that Malcolm X was indeed a more powerful leader than Martin Luther in the African American community. Both men were charismatic and eloquent orators, but Malcolm X had a much more commanding presence. Again, this is my personal opinion, but the book definitely paints a vivid picture of the abundant power that was held by Malcolm X. The book gives an excellent discourse on the different ideological views of the two great leaders: Malcolm’s militant thinking of getting justice and equality by any means necessar y versus the non-violent, Gandhi-like movement led by Dr.Martin Luther King. While King is mentioned often, the book is clearly more focused on Malcolm X and his great role in moving black people from passive, non-violent methods towards more assertive methods of achieving racial justice and equality. The book provides information about Malcolm X’s history and background, which helped to better understand his militant thinking. Malcolm X played a great role in the great shift in the methods used to fight for civil rights in the 1960’s. Many lesser known leaders looked at Malcolm X as a role model. His legacy as a leader is still felt 48 years after his assassination.Malcolm served as inspiration to the Black Power Movement that took fire in the mid and late 1960’s. Another great thing about Waiting ‘Til the Midnight Hour is the way it shows the geographical aspect of the struggle for racial equality. In great detail, the author highlights the workings of c ivil rights leaders in major cities like Detroit but also gives a great deal of attention to the struggles of rural southerners. This allowed me to make a connection between the struggles of urban African Americans and blacks in the rural southern, thus seeing the entire picture more clearly.This book makes clear that the struggle for racial equality was nationwide and not just isolated to certain geographical locations. A common misconception about the civil rights movement is that blatant racism was a problem only encountered in the Deep South. However, Waiting ‘Til the Midnight Hour does a great job of clarifying this misconception and showing the many elements of the struggle for justice that blacks from coast to coast experienced. One of the most elements of the book is the evolution of the organization called SNCC.SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) was founded in conjunction with the lunch counter sit0ins that originated in Greensboro, North Carolina in Feb ruary 1960. SNCC activists were known to practice slow, tedious and patient voter registration drives in the most dangerous parts of the South. However, they seldom received credit for their efforts on a national level. Despite their lack of national attention, SNCC activists often managed to annoy white federal officials and black civil rights leaders.SNCC attracted radicals from the Revolutionary Action Movement, black nationalists from the North and a host of other mavericks. From its humble beginnings, SNCC was a peaceful group that used nonviolent methods to seek racial equality. Over the course of time, SNCC became more assertive in their methods of demanding racial equality and social justice. At the very center of the evolution of SNCC was a young man from Trinidad by the name of Stokely Carmichael. Perhaps the most poignant chapter in the book is chapter 7, which is entitled, â€Å"What We Gonna Start Saying Now Is Black Power! In this chapter we see the birth of the Black Power movement. This is a very powerful chapter for many reasons, including that in my opinion this is the point where the civil rights movement began to move toward a more assertive methodology and Dr. Martin Luther King began to lose relevance. At first SNCC was an organization that believed in non-violent civil disobedience but over time the organization became more militant. By 1965 it was obvious that Stokely Carmichael was leading the organization from its roots as a non-violent integrationist group toward a much more militant nationalist way of thinking.During the summer of 1966 attention shifted to the Mississippi Delta, which was a hotbed of racial discord. This is of special significance to me because my parents were both born and reared in the Mississippi Delta. My grandfather shared many stories with me about the tumultuous 1960’s in the Mississippi Delta. Most of those stories were horrific but Waiting â€Å"Til the Midnight Hour put a whole new perspective on it by introducing me to the major players with great detail. In this chapter we see Dr. Martin Luther King and Stokely Carmichael in Mississippi during the time that JamesMeredith was embarking upon his March Against Fear. His plan was to march from Memphis, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi as a symbol of his defiance against the racial discrimination so prevalent in Mississippi. Meredith was famous for integrating the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) four years prior. While marching from Memphis to Jackson, James Meredith was shot in the neck, back and both legs. He was seriously injured but would eventually recover. This incident divided the civil rights activists in Mississippi.Stokely Carmichael, James Baldwin and LeRoi Jones were identified as provocateurs behind a growing trend of racial militancy. Officials from the Urban League, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, CORE, the NAACP and SNCC met to discuss joining the march in Mississippi as a form of protest aga inst the shooting of James Meredith as well as commemorating the assassination of Medger Evers. The different organization leaders had opposing views on the methodology of implementing the march and therefore a long argument ensued.Eventually a compromise was met. However, in the end, the more conservative leaders from the North refused to support the compromise that Dr. Martin Luther King and returned to New York after warning that the march would be a disaster. During the long march through the Mississippi Delta, Stokely Carmichael lost his patience with the racial climate of Mississippi. He was tired of the racial hatred and blatant discrimination. Following his release from jail (after his 27th arrest), Stokely Carmichael made his way to Broad Street Park in Greenwood, Mississippi.In an impassioned speech, he told the crowd of tired and listless marchers that he had grown tired of the slow pace of the civil rights movement and his frustration had reached its boiling point. At th at point he said the poignant words, â€Å"what we gonna start sayin’ now is black power! † It was at that point that America began to recognize that many blacks throughout the nation had grown wary of the methods of Dr. Martin Luther King and his turn the other cheek way of thinking. The tide was turning and African Americans were ready to get their freedom and equality by any means necessary.From that day forward the slogan â€Å"Black Power† began to spread like wildfire. The Meredith March ended on June 26, 1966 as thousands of people gathered at the Mississippi State Capitol Building in Jackson. The burning of a Confederate flag on the capitol grounds by a SNCC member drew rousing applause. Dr. Martin Luther King struggled with the reality that the national political landscape may not be able to keep up with the pace of the new found black militancy. He confessed to the crowd that his dream â€Å"had turned into a nightmare. King defiantly proclaimed †Å"that even in Mississippi justice will come to all of God’s children. † Carmichael sounded a message that was the polar opposite of that of Dr. King. Carmichael said that the movement must build a political base so powerful that blacks would â€Å"bring them [whites] to their knees every time they mess with us. † Carmichael’s message began to resonate among black people across the nation and the mood among blacks began to shift from non-violent civil disobedience to that of militant defiance. Thus the Black Power came into existence and dominated the political scene for the remainder of the 1960’s.

Command vs Market Economy

Command Economic System: When we talk about the term â€Å"command† in historical context; whether it relates to economic, political or warfare, command has always been vested in the hands of the few. If we relate â€Å"these few† to a group of people who exercise power in terms of making decisions (be it economic/social/political etc) for ALL the people they govern, we call this process or system a â€Å"Government†. In a command economic system, this government basically owns and controls most of the economic resources of the country.This â€Å"Command† economic system is also known as â€Å"socialism† or â€Å"communism† (McConnell – Economics) In any economic system decisions have to be made regarding production of goods and services, price setting, education, expenditure on infrastructure, resource allocation, resource/property ownership, resource distribution, establishment of industries and businesses, salaries for individuals e tc. In a Command Economic System, all these decisions are taken by the Centre/Government.Public in general/ individuals in general do not have any â€Å"say† in such government decisions. Practically speaking, â€Å"Absolute† command economy doesn’t exist in this world, even near perfect â€Å"command economy† of Soviet Union/Russia had private/market influences in its system. McConnell states North Korea and Cuba as near to perfect Command Economic Systems. Pakistan too took a step towards socialism/nationalization in Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s era in 1970s, which later had to be discontinued in wake of emerging capitalist economic forces at that time.Market Economic System As opposed to Command Economic System, Market Economic System is characterized by near to minimal role of Government in governing and directing economic activity of the country. In other words, it is simply the opposite of a command economic system discussed above. The salient featu res of a market economic system includes â€Å"Private† ownership of economic resources (i. e. , land, labor, capital and entrepreneur), coordination of economic activity through markets, production and distribution decisions aken by private businesses and firms, determination of market prices and quantity through forces of demand and supply (rather than government) etc. The concept of market is fundamental in understanding the captioned subject. Market is a place where buyers and sellers of products come together and through their buying and selling behaviour, price and output for the economy is determined. The sellers seek to maximise their objectives (primarily profit) through engaging in practices that may compromise societal benefits at large (self interest).To keep profitable, businesses innovate/invest in R&D to achieve economies of scale to minimise cost and this lust for market power often leads to competition/inter rivalry amongst firms which leads to production of goods and services at less than socially optimum level. Though practically speaking a perfect market economy can’t exist (government intervention is required in certain areas) Hong Kong, United States and Ireland (ref McConnell) are nearest examples of free market economies in today’s world, where Government’s intervention is minimal.

Four Questions Essays

Four Questions Essays Four Questions Essay Four Questions Essay Essay Topic: Enders Game Questions Name: Instructor: Course: Date: : Four Questions 1. The Michigan case is about management issue on the treatment of sex offenders at the workplace. In this case, the employee has exemplary skills that would add value to the company. However, he has a history of sex offence, and this would have a negative impact on the image of the company in case he repeats the same offence especially when on duty. For a manager, it is wise to consider various factors before coming up with the decision. One principle of management is controlling which involves regulation of activities to achieve the objectives of a business. Controls need to be put in place in to ensure employees work efficiently. In this case, the employee should be given directions on how to perform his tasks without causing any trouble; he should be directed on the extent of interaction with the clients to avoid conflict. In case of any arising issues, he should be given clear guidelines on how to address them to minimize the likelihood of aggressive confrontations since this wo uld put him in a situation where he would easily use violence. Disciplinary measures should also be instilled to regulate behavior of employees in the workplace. They could include demotion, dismissal or suspension depending on the severity of the offence. This would ensure employees watch their behavior at work and even when dealing with clients out of the work place. A company should also have policies that promote professional ethics, which help in improving the corporate image. This ensures maintenance of a high level of professionalism at the work place improving the image of the business, and this could improve the performance of a business in the end since many customers would be attracted. 2. The 21st century on boarding features three companies; Sun, El Paso and Zimmerman. At Sun, the first step begins after a person accepts a job. He then visits the company’s website to learn about the company by playing video games. Employees at El Paso Corporation attend their first day of orientation and then after one month. In Zimmerman, they concentrate on teaching the employees about the company. They are directed to log onto the company’s website to learn more about the firm and then attend a meeting with the CEO who gives them information on the formation of the company. These three companies however have their similarities; they all embrace technology. In Sun, the employees access the company’s new hire website to learn about the company through playing video games. El Paso uses emails with links to every kind of information they need while Zimmerman’s first step is logging in to the company’s website to learn information about the company . Another similarity is that all the three companies adopted their current on boarding procedures to solve inefficiency problems. Sun initially had a system where the first day of work was spent filling in paperwork and meeting the manager could take at least two weeks. They changed the system to have a better first impression since long and slow queues could be interpreted as inefficiency. An official at El Paso pointed out that they initially operated a system that took the employees long to get computers which changed to having it on their first day. The system at Zimmerman has helped employees in learning about the company. 3. Top managers are crucial in making decisions affecting the company, and they should therefore be involved. They help in setting of the company’s goals and objectives such as profit maximization, pricing decisions and employee relations. They analyze activities in accordance to the company’s mission and vision, and use this analysis to come up with goals that maximize the output of the company and goals that are achievable. The top management is responsible for setting up of policies that ensure achievement of the set objectives for instance a marketing policy that deals with promotion of the company’s products through advertising, discount offers, commissions for salespersons and pricing. This policy aims at raising the profitability of the company. They also determine the organizational framework on which the flow of activities depends. Since the top management performs these crucial tasks for the company, it is necessary to involve them in any kind of decisi ons that may affect the company substantially. 4. This method of talent management and development review took five years, which is a reasonable amount of time for training considering the content of study. Timing may vary due to cooperation of the people in the program. The more cooperative they are the faster the process will be and vice versa. The number of people involved in the process will also affect the amount of time taken. If more people are involved, more time will be spent analyzing them. The number of tools used in development of plans for the high-pos are also a determinant. The amount of time spent on each step also determines the amount of time the whole process will take. If a step of the process takes too much time, this means the starting time of the next step is delayed, and this is carried forward to the other steps delaying the whole process.

Prosess of making Russian Vodka essays

Prosess of making Russian Vodka essays Since ancient times Russians were known for their drinking habits, and often when I introduce myself as a Russian, the first respond I get is: Oh, so you are drinking a lot of vodka! Vodka always played a great role through the history of our country thus, deserving the status of a most popular Russian alcoholic drink. Slavic tribal people, powerful tsars and poor peasants knew it .It is now known to every Russian person regardless his status or position. There is no wedding, no funeral, no grief and no happiness if there is no a bottle of Vodka on the table and you dont feel this slightly burning and at the same time unbelievably smooth liquid running through your throat, gently filling every cell of your body with a pleasant warmth. Moreover, you can hardly find a disease that cant be cured by a mouthful of vodka. The quality and taste of vodka didnt really change through the history, however the process of its manufacturing was greatly modified. The invention of high-technological devises had a great impact on it. It made the process easier, cheaper and much faster. Nevertheless, most Russians, especially those who were born and raised in countryside, deliberately accept only traditional process of making this alcoholic drink. The process of manufacturing vodka at home is complicated and very precise. Russians say: If you want vodka to burn your heart and to cool your mind-you should give up not only a piece of your knowledge, but a piece of your soul as well. If you want to savor soft and slightly burning taste of pure Russian vodka and wake up next morning with a clear mind, cautiously follow the steps that this process requires. The process of making vodka starts with the water preparation process. To make vodka absolutely clear you should use mineral water in the process of manufacturing it. ...

Manage people perfomance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Manage people perfomance - Essay Example Assisting employees to identify their area of competency and providing them the opportunity to implement it. Conducting evaluation after certain time intervals. Identifying the poor performances and offering support to improvise on those areas. Policy Implementation: The policy is applicable to all the staff members of the company (including both permanent and temporary) who has been associated with the company for a period of at least 6 months. Manager Responsibilities: The responsibility of a manager are as follows: - To oversee, measure and administer the perfoamcne of the employees. To conduct regular feedback meeting To make the employees aware of their downsides and recommended them options of overcoming the same. Employee’s Responsibility: The staff members are responsible for undertaking the following tasks: - Employees have the responsibility to achieve satisfactory levels of performance Employees also have the responsibility to attend all the meetings. Participating in the employee development programs to improve skills. To communicate any problems related to perfoamcne activities to the supervisors. Performance Management Framework: R nt Equity: The policy is applicable for everybody and it will not give any special preference to the organization hierarchy. Performance Management KPIs: It is important to manage the performance of the employees after the perfoamcne management framework has been defined. In this context, ‘Productivity’ can be used as a key performance indicator. Hence, ‘increasing the overall productivity’ is the aim of this policy. Funding: Several funding opportunities are available when it comes to training and development of the employees. For example, government as well as NGOs often offers financial incentives for this purposes. However, for this purpose it is expected that the company will be able to finance the process itself. . Procedure Procedure # -SNA 1212 Task Description: - Performance man agement Department: Human Resource Date: 31 October 2013 Action Description Standard WHO Performance Review Procedure Coaching Procedure Disciplinary Procedure Grievance Procedure To Review the perfoamcne of the employees To highlight the coaching procedure to be used. To State about the steps to be taken for managing discipline within the organization To manage grievances of the employees Overall Output and Productivity of the employees Mentoring, Training and Development Establishment of Rules and regulations and robust governance framework Employment of a liaison to look after the grievances of employees HR department Training and Development HR Department & Immediate Mangers Senior Management PART 2 – Managing Employee Performance Let us take the name of the fictitious company as AB Corporation and names of the three people whose performances to be managed are Mr. X, Ms. Y and Mr.

Managed Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Managed Care - Essay Example Accreditation is the significant process that Managed Care Organizations (MCOs) need to pass in order to prove their credibility and quality. Both, service providers and customers consider the certification as highly important because it indicates that an organization has attained the standard of quality defined by the accrediting agency. The major Accrediting Agencies in the United States are ABQAURP, NCQA & HEDIS, The Joint Commission, AAAHC & AAAASF and URAC. Although the criteria for accreditation vary depending on the type of Managed Care Organizations and the accrediting agency, there are certain common factors that are applicable in the review. The Agencies usually consider the â€Å"MCO’s quality management program and its impact on operations, at utilization management and how it is carried out, at the MCO’s treatment of members and so forth.† (Kongstvedt., 2003 p. 239). TRICARE is a managed care option of Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services (CHAMPUS) initiated by Department of Defense (DOD). The service has been delivered through its worldwide Military Health Service System (MHSS). DOD provides Tricare civilian health benefits for military personnel, military retirees, and their dependents through its 11 health service regions. It has also established a new administrative structure to supervise the delivery of health care. (Kongstvedt, 2003 p.1131). Tricare Standard (Fee for Service Program), Tricare Extra (Preferred Provider Option), Tricare Prime (HMO Option), US Family Health Plan, and Tricare Reserve Select (TRS) are some of the major plans of Tricare. As compared to other managed care services in the United States, Tricare offers more steady high quality health care benefits and reduced costs. Tricare service is accessible according to the priority of the beneficiaries as follows; active duty members, family members o f the active prime members, retirees and their family members, family

Motivation in a Multigenerational Radiologic Science Workplace Research Paper - 1

Motivation in a Multigenerational Radiologic Science Workplace - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that organizational behavior has changed tremendously since the industrial revolution, and so have the ways for employee motivation.   Since the inception of management-related studies, the area of employee motivation has been emphasized in various ways. This discourse presents a brief review of motivation factors for radiological sciences workforce based on a specific study conducted by Kalar. Earlier, classical management theories proposed employee motivation practices such as incentives and bonuses.   The pioneer of scientific management, Fredrick Taylor asserted that the main aim of management should be to secure maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity for the employee. Taylor believed that extra income will motivate employees to work extra and with greater efficiency, and hence incentives would be an effective way to motivate the employees. Later, the human relations movement led by Hawthorne experiments of Elton Mayo p roved that employee motivation can be enhanced through employee participation and involvement with the leadership teams. From a motivation perspective, numerous theories can be found, in the literature that describes various motivating factors and ways to motivate. A few of these theories include the Maslow’s needs theory, Alderfer’s ERG Theory, Herzberg’s two-factor theory or the motivation-hygiene theory, McClelland’s 3-needs Theory, Vroom’s expectancy theory etc.  

HRD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

HRD - Essay Example She somehow managed to spend the meeting with her client as they asked numerous questions. As soon as she returned to her job, she contacted her director and mentioned that she is shocked to note that she was rather introduced to the company as a CQI practitioner for which she was not hired. Since there were fewer consultants at work, it came to understanding that Kindred had to take their client. It is for this reason that Kindred had to consult academic researchers at the library as well as her class mates who were specialist. Also, she had to take help from a friend who pretended to be an assistant (Cummings & Worley, 2009). Herein, it should be noted that Kindred had to face dilemma at her job. There were three types of dilemmas which were noted in the case of Kindred namely dilemma of self, competence and confidence. Firstly, the dilemma of self notes those kindred was confused about her identity which was falsified by her director in front of clients showing her as a CQI specialist for which she was not even hired. Secondly, the dilemma of competence level was that she became doubtful about as she was skilled in different area (Cummings & Worley, 2009). The question remains that whether her lack of CQI specialty was because she didn’t aspire to learn or because of her director who presented her wrongly. And finally, dilemma of confidence which marked that she was not sure for whom she was working. The question remained in her mind that whether her director is an honest person or not. She was making many assumptions in her mind that even in the future; her director would have done similar acts by sending to clients for which she would not have been competent at all (Cummings & Worley, 2009). If I was in her position, I would have done the same because ethics are to be followed. A career growth is not expected until or unless there are subjected clauses and ethics which are

The Role of a Star Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Role of a Star - Essay Example Staiger’s analysis of the origins of the American â€Å"star system† reveals the variety of angles through which the word â€Å"star† can be defined. Stars can be considered as a commodity tool as they represent an extremely successful form of investment. They can also be perceived according to the literal meaning of the word â€Å"star†; the character played by a given star forms with the real character of the same star a surreal versus real paradox leading inevitably to an association between the in-text and the in-real-life images of the same star. The third main approach of stardom holds a psychological dimension as it regards the spectatorship, the reasons why stars are often objects of desire have been subject to many analysis, some attribute it to charisma, some to â€Å"heavenly bodies†, .. etc. For a fuller vision of the evolution of the conception of stars, a flashback on the history of cinema has to be done. Various developments in Europe and the United States led to the invention of moving image technology forming the origin of the movie creation. However, it was only in the 1890’s that films were used as an entertainment medium, it was then when this technologic invention transformed into a business. In the nineteenth century, many political and social elements influenced the evolution of film industry. The art of Cinema tended to transform into a capitalist enterprise indeed. In fact, Janet Staiger, in her definition of the system of movie production, supports a Marxist point of view. She tends to consider the latter system as a sub-system initially controlled by patterns of organization of labor, such as scriptwriters, cameramen and women, prop makers in combination with two major factors, technology and capital. In the first decade of the twentieth century, Am erican movie companies withheld the name of film performers fearing that the public recognition would lead these â€Å"stars† to ask for higher salaries. In this dissertation, studying the Motion Picture Patents Company is to be used as a proof of the prominence of the role of stars in the evolution of the movie industry.

Project management plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Project management plan - Essay Example After years of planning, effort and investment, a super cycle way route connecting Nottingham City to the Toton Rail station was conceptualized. This project will provide a safe, direct, paved, flat and continuous non-vehicular travel route between the station and the city. The route will feature several at-grade roads crossing in the entire length along an independent right-of-way in the road networks existing. The Greenway route surface will contrast according to suitability to the landscape, material availability and expected demand. A favored wearing course product currently promoted is a recycled material based on road planning and waste building aggregate. This forms an inert, grey material that rolls to provide a compact surfacing which seems to set if allowed to settle. It provides an even, all weather surfaces for cycles and wheelchairs or prams, whilst remaining softer than a bonded surface which can be stiff on walkers and horses joints. Where a route navigates an urban area it may be found desirable to arrange for a bitumen surface for maximum strength for high demand and to minimise maintenance. In this occurrence it might be considered necessary to provide an equivalent mown grass path for horse riders. Designs for the Greenway route construction will suggest for greater widths to accommodate varied options of shared use. Current specifications propose a 3metre wide path for a full multi-user path and a 2.5metre wide path where horse riders are barred. The path should sit, where space allows, in a wider corridor with a minimum 1 meter boundary either side or appropriate landscaping to the boundaries. The existing bridge is proposed to be redesigned and replaced with one that caters for both bicycle and pedestrian use. The new bridge will effectively connect the two locations without having to seek an alternative longer route. The new greenway route has

HRD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

HRD - Essay Example She somehow managed to spend the meeting with her client as they asked numerous questions. As soon as she returned to her job, she contacted her director and mentioned that she is shocked to note that she was rather introduced to the company as a CQI practitioner for which she was not hired. Since there were fewer consultants at work, it came to understanding that Kindred had to take their client. It is for this reason that Kindred had to consult academic researchers at the library as well as her class mates who were specialist. Also, she had to take help from a friend who pretended to be an assistant (Cummings & Worley, 2009). Herein, it should be noted that Kindred had to face dilemma at her job. There were three types of dilemmas which were noted in the case of Kindred namely dilemma of self, competence and confidence. Firstly, the dilemma of self notes those kindred was confused about her identity which was falsified by her director in front of clients showing her as a CQI specialist for which she was not even hired. Secondly, the dilemma of competence level was that she became doubtful about as she was skilled in different area (Cummings & Worley, 2009). The question remains that whether her lack of CQI specialty was because she didn’t aspire to learn or because of her director who presented her wrongly. And finally, dilemma of confidence which marked that she was not sure for whom she was working. The question remained in her mind that whether her director is an honest person or not. She was making many assumptions in her mind that even in the future; her director would have done similar acts by sending to clients for which she would not have been competent at all (Cummings & Worley, 2009). If I was in her position, I would have done the same because ethics are to be followed. A career growth is not expected until or unless there are subjected clauses and ethics which are

Project management plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Project management plan - Essay Example After years of planning, effort and investment, a super cycle way route connecting Nottingham City to the Toton Rail station was conceptualized. This project will provide a safe, direct, paved, flat and continuous non-vehicular travel route between the station and the city. The route will feature several at-grade roads crossing in the entire length along an independent right-of-way in the road networks existing. The Greenway route surface will contrast according to suitability to the landscape, material availability and expected demand. A favored wearing course product currently promoted is a recycled material based on road planning and waste building aggregate. This forms an inert, grey material that rolls to provide a compact surfacing which seems to set if allowed to settle. It provides an even, all weather surfaces for cycles and wheelchairs or prams, whilst remaining softer than a bonded surface which can be stiff on walkers and horses joints. Where a route navigates an urban area it may be found desirable to arrange for a bitumen surface for maximum strength for high demand and to minimise maintenance. In this occurrence it might be considered necessary to provide an equivalent mown grass path for horse riders. Designs for the Greenway route construction will suggest for greater widths to accommodate varied options of shared use. Current specifications propose a 3metre wide path for a full multi-user path and a 2.5metre wide path where horse riders are barred. The path should sit, where space allows, in a wider corridor with a minimum 1 meter boundary either side or appropriate landscaping to the boundaries. The existing bridge is proposed to be redesigned and replaced with one that caters for both bicycle and pedestrian use. The new bridge will effectively connect the two locations without having to seek an alternative longer route. The new greenway route has

Trade between Paekche and Japan Essay Example for Free

Trade between Paekche and Japan Essay Paekche, also known as Baekje, was located to the Southwest of Korea and is one of the three kingdoms that formed Korea during the three kingdom era (50 B.C-668 C.E). Paekche was the most vulnerable of the three kingdoms formed then, namely, Korguyo and Silla. All of them were very strongly influenced by China. Paekche, because of its strategic location that brought it very near to China, was especially more influenced and had profound implications when it comes to its living practices and religion. It had been influenced by Buddhism from China which had its origin in India. However, being close to China also meant undue pressure by the huge militarily strong kingdom of China. Also with increasing influence of the neighboring kingdom Silla, Paekche was in dire need of an ally who could not only give the economic impetus it so needs but also the military protection to thwart off Silla’s attempts of conquests. This formed the basis of trade with Japan and thus began the journey of wide political and cultural influences on both the Kingdoms till the last of Paekche which was in 668 E.C.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Paekche along with the various economic goods that it was trading with Japan also started adding in cultural goods. As mentioned above, this was a result of its realization of the need to have closer ties with Japan that the situation demanded. The cultural goods that Paekche started exporting were Buddhism. It was in mid-500s that this significant event occurred when the king of Paekche gifted an image of Buddha and some sacred writings in Buddhism to the king of Japan[i]. It is said that he introduced the religion to the Japanese king saying that it was the religion of the civilized world. Japan, at that time was influenced by Nakatomi as religious practice and hence, the influx of Buddhism was strongly opposed by the court religious heads[ii]. Moreover, the head of the aristocratic clan and the one who led the Japanese military forces, Mononobe, advised the king against sending troops to support Paekche against Silla. However, as time passed and thanks to the growing influence of the Yamato family, Japan slowly started adopting the new religion and Paekche was beginning to trade majorly culture with Japan. Such was its influence on the Japanese kingdom that the lines between Korea and Japan started to blur slowly. Paekche had exported many art forms and technological skills to Japan and Japan’s cultural and technological advances can be attributed to the heavy influx of Paekche’s trade with it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another place where Paekche’s influence can be sensed strongly was the temples and palaces that were built in Asuka Japan during mid-500s and till the end of Paekche in mid-600s. Paekche, along with its religion, also traded architectural forms and subsequent technologies with Japan. Fine example of this is the Horyuji temple built around 601 A.D. The architectural forms and technologies used prove a strong presence of Korean, more precisely, Paekche influence[iii]. Though the temple does not exist today, its remains tell the whole story. It should be noted that when the King of Paekche decided to export Buddhism to Japan, he made sure he does it convincingly. Along with the Buddha statues and writings, the King also sent monks, painters, temple carpenters, expert tile workers, and many more that were successful in getting the right flavor of Buddhism in the Japanese society. After the completion of the temple, the Buddhist monks who were sent by the Paekche king settled in the temple and started preaching Buddhism from there.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The spread of cultural good, Buddhism, was not rapid though. After lot of resistance from the existing beliefs and rituals, which included spread of epidemics as a sign of anger and rejection by the old Gods and then a bigger epidemic that was considered as the sign of Buddha’s fury at denunciation, Buddhism as a religion started making place for itself in the kingdom. This general acceptance increased the bonding between the two kingdoms and Paekche became Japan’s closest ally among the Korean kingdoms. This can be observed from the fact that Japan actively started protecting Paekche from external threats. This can also be attributed to the fear Japan had developed after it lost Mimana to Silla rulers which is supposed to have influenced the â€Å"Horse rider† culture of Japan. All the above combined reasons helped the relation between Paekche and Japan grow closer like never before. Japan and Paekche relationship was not just formal. The diplomatic ties had extended to strong military ties with Japan helping Paekche to defend itself against the growing stronghold of Silla in Korea. Slowly, Japan had sided with Paekche and joined the allied forces in Gaya when it wanted to expand its influence in that region. Japan also extended its help to the King of Paekche, Jeonji in launching a coup and thereby helping him in becoming the king.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This speaks a lot about the kind of intimacy the two kingdoms had acquired due to the trade relationship between them. Paekche was known to be the superior one within the relationship when it comes to culture. This is quite evident from the fact that the Paekche prince had gifted a Chiljido (a seven branched knife) around 4th or 5th BC to the Japanese king and had ordered him to pass it down through the generations to come in Japanese royal family. This truly demonstrates the diplomatic superiority that Paekche had.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By the end of 500 B.C, a perfect trade relation was formed between the two where both the kingdoms traded with each other according to the requirements of both the kingdoms. This gave birth to the perfect model where, not superiority, but genuine economic considerations and needs of the state were the basis of trade, thereby giving economic growth for both the countries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fall of Paekche was in essence the end of the relationship for both the kingdoms. However, Japan showed its loyalty to the Korean kingdom by not siding with the allied forces of Silla and Dang. Instead it preferred to oppose them and hence support the last remnants of the kingdom Paekche. It is not surprising that after Paekche fell to the joined forces of Silla and Dang, there was a huge entry of the Paekche citizens to Japan. They traveled all across the sea to settle in Japan rather than China. This strongly demonstrates the high degree of the closeness that the two kingdoms maintained. Moreover, this influx into the country brought about a massive change in the lifestyles of Japanese too who actively started intimately getting influenced by the culture of Paekche like their clothing, or the way unmarried women dressed up, and other day to day nuances like pottery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The trade between Paekche and Japan was an effort to compensate the military and cultural needs of both the nations. This trade, like all other ancient trades, brought about colossal changes in both the countries through culture exchanges. The most significant change is, of course, the fact that Japan, today, is one of the largest followers of Buddhism in the world. [i]   Kaplan H. Eddward .1st draft, 10/94; 3rd rev., 9/99. [ii]   Perez B Louis, The History of Japan, by Greenwood Press, 1998 [iii]  Ã‚   Lucie R. Weinstein (KEJ: 3. 232) Bibliography Reichauer, Edwin. Japan: the Story of a Nation, , Fourth Edition, Alfred A Knopf, 1989   Ã‚  Ã‚   Yamamura et al, Kazo. The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol  3.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Cambridge University Press, 1990 Perez, B, Louis. The History of Japan, Greenwood Press, 1998   Ã‚  Ã‚   Meyer W, Milton. Japan: a Concise History, Third Edition,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rowan and Littlefield Publishers, Inc 1993 Hong, Wontack. Relationship between Korea and Japan in early period : Paekche and Yamato Wa. Seoul, Korea, 1988. Griffis, William Elliot. Corea, the hermit nation. New York, C. Scribners   Ã‚   sons, 1882. Ballard, George Alexander. The Influence of the Sea on the Political History of Japan.   Ã‚  Ã‚   New York: E.P. Dutton Co., 1921. Japan’s Rapid Transition into Derivative High Civilization and its Consequences. Retrieved   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   March 26, 2007, from http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~kaplan/eas201/201-14.pdf    Japan, Buddhism and the Warlords, to the Kamakura. Retrieved March 26, 2007, from   Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h07japan.htm Paekche culture in Asuka Japan: The most visible and dominating influence. Retrieved March   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   26, 2007, from http://gias.snu.ac.kr/wthong/publication/paekche/eng/hi3-5.pdf A survey of Baekje History, Retrieved March 26, 2007, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://baekje.chungnam.net/eng/new_hist/index.htm Korea during the age of the Yamato Imperial Clan. Retrieved March 26, 2007 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://gias.snu.ac.kr/wthong/publication/paekche/eng/hi3-7.pdf

Red Meat and Protein

Red Meat and Protein Avitta Olivero    Red meat as a source of protein Introduction Meat and processed meat products are a vital source of protein, lipids and other nutritionally important functional constituents which are essential components in a human diet. The two main categories of meat are red and white meat. As per nutritional concepts, the red meat is referred to as the one which is reddish in appearance in raw state and has an elevated myoglobin content in it. Red meat category which is highly consumed by humans include beef, lamb, pork and processed meat products. White meat is the one with a pale appearance and mainly includes poultry, veal and rabbit. Protein are macromolecules which are composed of long chains of amino acids and are referred to as the building block of the body as it is present in every single cell in the human body. It is vital to include protein containing food in the diet as it essential for major functions include growth and repair and is a major energy source of the body. Among the different food stuffs meat and meat products supplies the necessary protein in human diet. Protein is present in both the vegetarian and non-vegetarian food. As per the New Zealand nutrition foundation animal food as well as plant sources such as soya and quinoa supplies the essential amino acids which are important for the body functions. This essay specifically focusses on analysing the importance of Red meat as a source of protein. Literature review Nutrient profile of meat A critical analysis on the nutritional composition of any food is essential for any study on human nutrition. Meat has become an integral part of human diet. Meat is a complex structured food which includes components of biological value such as micronutrients (minerals and vitamins), proteins, fats and low level of carbohydrates. As Per the Food Standards Australia New Zealand the meat includes the flesh with skeletal muscle and fat as well as offal which include the internal organs of the animal. Meat comprises about 75 % moisture content 20 % protein, 3 % lipid and 2 % soluble non-proteinaceous compounds (Briggs Schweigert, 1990). Meat serves as a vital source of proteins, vitamins such as vitamin B6, B12 and vitamin D, Omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids and minor levels of trace elements such as zinc, iron, phosphorus, bioactive compounds like carnitine, carnosine, ubiquinone and several antioxidant compounds. All these nutritional contents of meat make it an essential component of human diet (Williams, 2007). Importance of Protein in human diet   Ã‚   Proteins are nitrogenous compounds which are constituted of amino acids. There are about twenty aminoacids which are vital for the growth and other cellular functions. Amino acids are mainly categorised in two: essential and non-essential aminoacids. Non-essential aminoacids are those which can be synthesized by the body and those which cannot be synthesized by the human body and supplied via the diet are essential amino acids (Hoffman Falvo, 2004).Animal protein is the appropriate source of protein as it includes the essential amino acid content in it and hence it is essential to in include animal based food in the diet. Animal based food include meat and meat products (Pighin et al., 2016). Red Meat protein Meat is composed of higher concentration of proteins which includes the structural proteins such as myofibrillar protein, sarcoplasmic proteins and proteins that are present in connective tissue such as collagen and elastin (Pighin et al., 2016). Meat is a complete source of protein as it includes all essential amino acids such as lysine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, leucine, isoleucine, valine. Protein concentration differs in both raw and cooked meat as the nutrients get more concentrated during cooking process due to the depletion of water content in the meat and the meat proteins exhibit higher digestibility ratio. As per the studies, 100g of raw red meat contain about 20-25% of protein whereas in 100g of cooked red meat the protein content is about 28-36% as the protein profile is modified after the cooking process. Beef and pork are considered to have the highest protein content in them. The U. S Dietary Reference Intake (USDRI) recommend a daily intake of 0.8g/kg of protein for adults which is the basic requirement for the proper functioning of the body and this prescribed intake rate of protein by USDRI lowers the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis and diabetes particularly type-2 diabetes (McNeill, 2014). Evaluation of meat protein quality Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score(PDCAAS) is a standard methodology recommended by world health organization and food and agriculture organization (FAO/WHO) to estimate the protein quality. In this method the protein quality is estimated by expressing the content of the first limiting essential amino acid of the test protein as a percentage of the content of the same amino acid content in a reference pattern of essential amino acids (FAO/WHO, 1990). The resultant value obtained by this method was taken as the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) and highest possible score in this method is 1.0. As per the PDCAAS method the protein quality score of red meat is estimated to be 0.9 whereas the protein quality score is between 0.5-0.7 for plant based food. According to Schaafsma, the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score is considered to the reliable method for estimating the quality of proteins consumed in the human diet (Williams, 2007). Table showing the protein quality rankings according to FAO/WHO (Williams, 2007). Near-infrared spectroscopy Near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy is an ultra- sensitive, rapid and less complicated analytical technique that aids in the assessment of chemical constituents present in the meat sample (Osborne, Fearn, Hindle, 1993).Near infrared spectroscopy is an advanced method that is widely employed in the quantitative analysis of fat, protein and moisture content in meat and meat products. The differentiation between various classes such as beef and kangaroo meat, chilled and non-chilled beef was possible by the near-infrared spectroscopy method. Sample preparation has a vital role in this method as the non-homogenised muscles absorb bulk amount of energy and generating a less accurate reflectance pattern in comparison with the non-homogenised muscle sample. Inaccurate preparation of meat samples adversely affected the clarity of the prediction of chemical composition of meat sample is equivalent to the protein quantity of the food sample.(Prieto, Roehe, Lavà ­n, Batten, Andrà © s, 2009) Other nutritional constituents of red meat   Ã‚   Fat Fat is considered as the important repository of energy that supplies the necessary fatty acids and serves as precursors for various metabolic mechanism in the body. The fatty acid content in red meat are saturated in nature because the unsaturated fatty acid is transformed to saturated form by the microbes present in the rumen. The major saturated fatty acids present in red meat are palmitic and stearic acid. The fatty acid content varies when the fat is trimmed off from the meat.(Gerber, 2007) Vitamins Vitamins are organic compounds that are present in minor concentration in food and are important for metabolic functions. The major vitamins present in meat and meat products include vitamin B12, B1 (thiamine), B6 and vitamin D. vitamin B6 acts as a coenzyme for several chemical reactions in the human body such as gluconeogenesis. The vitamin B6 concentration are expected to be in the range between 0.40-0.6mg/100g of meat. Vitamin B12 which is commonly known as riboflavin. The vitamin B12 involved in human metabolic process includes the Methyl cobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin (Rivlin Pinto, 2001). Vitamin B1 is vital for normal cellular functions and serves as a coenzyme in various chemical process in the body. (Gerber, 2007) Minerals and trace elements The major minerals which are prevalent in red meat are the iron and zinc. The highest concentration of these minerals is observed in beef and pork meat(Williams, 2007).The iron content present in red meat is the heme iron rather than the non-heme iron contained in plant based foods. The heme iron is readily absorbed by the human body and this absorption rate is enhanced by the protein present in red meat. In meat, the factors such as phytate, tannin, oxalate and fibres are absent in red meat which can adversely affect the iron absorption rate. Similarly, the zinc absorption from animal based food is relatively higher than that from plant based food stuffs. The vital trace element found in meat is the selenium which are an integral part of selenoproteins which includes enzymes that are involved in important process such as anti-oxidative defence mechanism, synthesis of thyroid hormone and nucleic acid (DNA), fertility and reproduction.(Gerber, 2007) health benefits of Red meat consumption Emergence in the research of red meat as a source of high bioavailable irons, high grade protein and other essential nutrients is on high as great importance is given in the improvement of stamina and vitality. Middle age and beyond requires more consumption of high grade protein which is essential for the maintenance quality of life associated with the required muscle strength and mass. Protein causes a stimulation effect on the anabolism of muscle protein. (McAfee et al., 2010)Amino acids present in red meat are branched chain amino acids, which are necessary for the synthesis of protein. Red meat contains the highest amount of branched chain amino acids. (Ford Caspersen, 2012) Demerits: Previous studies reveal people with excess intake of red meat have been found to have higher cholesterol and higher plasma concentration of total cholesterol and Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides(TG) as compared to low and medium consumer of red meat as well as vegans and vegetarians. There have also been studies showing significant relation between red meat and risk of colon cancer. Cooking red meat at higher temperature leads to the development of mutagenic compounds such as HCAs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are responsible for various cancers. There are also evidences that show the saturated fatty acid content in red meat can be linked with chronic heart diseases. (McAfee et al., 2010) Summary Red meat is a rich source of nutritionally rich compounds which are essential in a human diet. Meat is a potent source of protein and it supplies the major amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body termed as essential amino acids. The nutrient composition of meat includes fat, essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals and trace elements that makes it an inevitable part of human diet. Certain studies do show red meat is harmful when consumed in higher amounts and when cooked at higher temperatures, hence a proper monitoring on the cooking practices and consumption of red meat is essential to maintain a healthy diet. References Briggs, G., Schweigert, B. (1990). An overview of meat in the diet. Advances in meat research (USA). Ford, E. S., Caspersen, C. J. (2012). Sedentary behaviour and cardiovascular disease: a review of prospective studies. International journal of epidemiology, dys078. Gerber, N. (2007). The role of meat in human nutrition for the supply with nutrients, particularly functional long-chain n-3 fatty acids. ETH. Hoffman, J. R., Falvo, M. J. (2004). Protein-Which is best. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 3(3), 118-130. McAfee, A. J., McSorley, E. M., Cuskelly, G. J., Moss, B. W., Wallace, J. M., Bonham, M. P., Fearon, A. M. (2010). Red meat consumption: An overview of the risks and benefits. Meat science, 84(1), 1-13. McNeill, S. H. (2014). Inclusion of red meat in healthful dietary patterns. Meat science, 98(3), 452-460. Osborne, B. G., Fearn, T., Hindle, P. H. (1993). Practical NIR spectroscopy with applications in food and beverage analysis: Longman scientific and technical. Pighin, D., Pazos, A., Chamorro, V., Paschetta, F., Cunzolo, S., Godoy, F., . . . Grigioni, G. (2016). A Contribution of Beef to Human Health: A Review of the Role of the Animal Production Systems. The Scientific World Journal, 2016. Prieto, N., Roehe, R., Lavà ­n, P., Batten, G., Andrà ©s, S. (2009). Application of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to predict meat and meat products quality: A review. Meat science, 83(2), 175-186. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.04.016 Rivlin, R. S., Pinto, J. T. (2001). Riboflavin (vitamin B2). Handbook of vitamins. 3rd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 255-273. Williams, P. (2007). Nutritional composition of red meat. Nutrition Dietetics, 64(s4), S113-S119.

Middle Passage :: essays papers

Middle Passage The triangular trade system was so named because the ships embarked from European ports, stopped in Africa to gather captives, after which they set out for the New World to deliver their "human cargo," and then returned to the port where they had originated. The Middle Passage was that leg of the slave triangle that brought the "human cargo" from West Africa to North America, South America, and the Caribbean. Depending on ship design, weather conditions, and points of departure and arrival, the journey across the middle passage lasted from six weeks to three months. A few days before departure on the slave ships, all enslaved men, women, and children had their heads shaved, supposedly to reduce the spread of disease and facilitate hygiene. On the day of departure for the New World, they gave slaves who had been confined to the holding camps awaiting ships an "abundant" meal, signaling their last hours on their home continent of Africa. They were then stripped naked of their clothes, chained in pairs by the ankles, and taken by canoes, usually at night, to slave ships which were usually anchored in the harbors. Inside the ships, slaves were stacked and crammed into the dark and small holds, which now became their home. The conditions on slave ships repulsive, horrifying, painful, and inhumane. These peoples entire journey was primarily spent sitting on top of each other on wooden plank floors. Besides many diseases, ship holds were poorly ventilated, sometimes causing suffocation during storms when the few existing hatches had to be closed. And of course, normal bodily functions had to be done: people used the restroom, bled, vomited, coughed, sneezed, died, etc., all in the holds of slave ships. In addition to the stench of slave ships, the practice of throwing dead and dying slaves overboard brought sharks from miles around to feed on the bodies. Many people committed suicide by jumping overboard or hanging themselves with any available rope. It has been said that "if the Atlantic Ocean were to dry up today, there would be a trail of human bones stretching from Africa to the Americ as.

Language Essay -- Essays Papers

Language Language is essential; language is what we use to communicate among others. It is something that joins us just as strongly as it separates us. There are many different â€Å"languages† in the world but really they are all bound by certain rules, they all have a format that they follow, all of them have, nouns, verbs, tenses, and adjectives. Language is almost like a math, the point of it is that when you speak, you try to reach a conclusion with a different person, and in math you use equations to solve problems and reach conclusions, one is numbers the other is words. Math is not easy, and learning a Language can be challenging. I came here from Mexico years ago, and I still remember how it was to not know how to communicate. I had to learn and I did; now I’m what you would call bilingual. While learning the language I was also adapting to culture, to a totally different life style than the one I was used to, learning a different language was in a way helpful in adapting to this new world because it opened doorways for me which would be closed with out it. In my younger years it seemed routine but now that I am older and reflect on my experience I can relate to those who just came here and have a â€Å"language barrier†, it’s almost like being handicapped. When I read the Tan essay, it hit close to home for me, because I knew what a language barrier feels like, I knew how people could take advantage of you because they assume that you are stupid, the thing is that society makes assumptions about people who have a language barrier, they make fun of kids who go to bilingual class, where in fact those kids are learning something that the other ones in the future can only wish that they could have learned. When it comes t... ... key factor, our ability to communicate. In school’s they should have kids talk to each other, have the Caucasian boy talk to the Asian girl, let them learn from each other, because when a child is young its mind is pure, its not â€Å"programmed† yet, so lets fill that mind with useful things which will teach them tolerance to others, and so we could filter our society of people who will look at a Mexican and call him a â€Å"spic†. Our society is full of different people, tall people, short people, rich, poor, but there is only one thing that brings all those people together and that is language. When you read this paper you will make a comment on it, post it, write it down, do whatever with it, but anyway you look at it, you will use a language, and the moment you do my point is made, that language is a essential part of our society, and that we have to let it expand.

Medicine is the biggest epidemic in our time’ was Ivan Illich a prophet or a rumor monger Essay

Ivan Illich was an Austrian philosopher, very popular for his of contribution of theories on the concept of medicalization. He has published many books on medicalization and has presented to a wider public the notion of iatrogenic disease. Medicine is a major therapy tool in social life and without proper medication human life could be highly constrained by many diseases surrounding it. Ivan Illich has had a contribution in the field of medicalization as a philosopher by constructing theories that various medics have followed in their practice. Iatrogenesis is a term that is used to refer an illness that come from medical activity and outweighs any positive benefit of medicine. Iatrogenesis was introduced into social science by Illich. According to Illich, iatrogenesis had adverse effects on the industrial society as it enhanced the corruption, incapacitated individuals and limited freedom in an industrial set up. Illich outlined three major types of iatrogenesis, these are; clinical , social and cultural iatrogenesis. Illich has theorized various ideas in medicalization and society. This essay will point out some theories that highlight whether Illich was a prophet or a rumormonger in society and show some evidence based on his approaches in medicalization. The essay will as well focus on the notion of iatrogenesis and statistics that has been conducted in the UK based on statistics. Finally, the essay will show some assumptions of Illich on medicalization and also how iatrogenesis can be prevented in society. According to statistics in the UK, it indicates that the estimation of 215,000 deaths every year have been caused by iatrogenic, whereby cancer and the heart disease are seen to be causing more deaths in every year(Shaffer, Philips, &Enzer, 2009, p.241). Iatrogenic effects in several cases are fully defined and can be recognized easily, for instance those complications that need a surgical procedure. However, the less obvious complications need significant investigation to recognize, such as difficult drug interactions. Ivan Illich who was a researcher and a multilingual prolific writer on issues related to society and medicine attributed his concepts of medicalization and proposed his views towards the modern medicine in the society. Illich argued that the notion of medicine had deprived individuals and society of their capacity to cope with sickness and death (Basford, Lynn & Oliver Slevin, 2003, p.122). Therefore, based on Illich, iatrogenesis cannot be understood unless it is seen specifically medical manifestation of particular counter productivity. Illich therefore points out main three levels of iatrogenesis. The first level is the clinical iatrogenesis, this whereby the injury is depicted to the patients by unproductive, toxic and insecure treatment to the patients. The second level is the social iatrogenesis, which comes as a result of medicalization of life, and thirdly cultural iatrogenesis, which comes as a result of the destruction of traditional ways of dealing with and making sense of death, pain and illness. Based on the evidence in his works of medicine described for over twenty years, it is noted that Illich was not a rumormonger, but a philosophical prophet, based on his predictions and research on the concept of iatrogenesis. Ivan Illich has traced contemporary idea of the issue of epidemic in the societal context and this notion has greatly focused on the main assumptions that lead to that epidemic. Based on his ideas, he argued on the progressing views on medicine, there is an empowerment model that has evolved out of the realization of epidemic and, therefore, patients cannot be forced to follow a lifestyle dictated by others towards the problem of medicalization. Based on Ivan Illich’s theories on his perspectives towards natural health, medicine undermines health of individuals not only based directly on aggression, but also over the impact of its social organization on the milieu. On that context, when the medical damage to the health of an individual is produced based on the sociopolitical mode of transmission. Thus, according to Illich, social iatrogenesis is designated in all impairments on regard to health that specifically to those socio-economic revolutions which have been made pretty, probable, or essential by the formal shape health care has taken (Kazer, 2008, p.209). Thus, based on his views towards the medicalization, the assumptions that erupt prevail that Illich was one person in the society who was seen as a prophet. Most people considered his ideas more especially his aspects on the iatrogenesis and through his open minded on the society, they regard his views to be those of a prophet. The iatrogenic death has become the third leading cause of death in the UK, surpassing the death by stroke. Based on different sources indicate that, between 200,000 and 250, 000 people are reported to die each year from Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) in the hospital setting (Kazer, 2008, p.289). On the same note, it is seen that deaths by ADRs kills over five times as the illegal combined in every year and that is the most conservative estimate that is outlined. Thus, the prescription drug Vioxx kills an estimate of 60,00 people by cardiac arrest alone and this figure does not reflect and account for any other fatal side effects such as the internal bleeding. In most cases, medicine undermines health and this is not only based on direct aggression against individuals but it has also an impact on the social organization on the total milieu. Therefore, medical damage to the individual health is enacted by the social iatrogenesis. This defines all the deficiencies that subdue to health a nd are due precisely to those socio-economic revolutions that have been made impressive, possible by the established shape health care. Iatrogenesis has many dimensions as per Ivan Illich’s concept. The undesirable side-effects of approved, mistaken, callous or contra-indicated technical contacts with the medical system represent only first level of pathogenic medicine. The belief of people that they cannot cope with illness without modern medicines reinforces and lays the ground for iatrogenesis by surrendering themselves to the doctors. According to Illich, he illustrates that the social iatrogenesis is not yet acknowledged as a collective etiology of sickness. He outlines that the diagnosis often serves as a means of turning political grievances besides the stress of growth into needs for more remedies that are just more of its expensive and demanding outputs, the industrial system would lose one of its major defenses. On the same note, responsiveness of the extent to which iatrogenic ill health is politically-communicated would shake the basics of medical power much more deeply than any catalogue of medicine’s technical faults. Based on this fact, his works and ideas portray the assumption of his research and these shows that he was not a rumourmonger but can be seen as a prophet in several aspects since his predictions indicated the notion of reality. Iatrogenesis designates a condition of illness, disease, injury or hostile health brought upon a patient as an indirect or direct result of medical diagnosis or cure. Therefore, when iatrogenesis gets into pain, there are numerous common varieties of iatrogenesis, that subsidize to the on-set of symptoms, as well as the dissemination and worsening of existing conditions. Acute postoperative pain is followed by insistent pain in 10-50% of individuals after mutual operations, such as breast and thoracic surgery, groin hernia repair, and coronary artery bypass surgery leg amputation (Gould, Brooker& Gould, 2008, p.167). Iatrogenic complications are very common most people who are affected are the elderly than the young patients. These complications include the adverse effects as the interactions, falls, nosocomial infections, Pressure ulcers and other relevant complications to surgery, however, prevention is often possible, (O’dea& Erikson, 2010, p.341). For example, the large pe rcentage that is affected is the men. The statistics indicate that women live longer than women, however, the spend most of their lives with different disparities. The smoking rates between women in UK were slightly low compared to men, thus women smoke 25.1% while men 31.2%. The initial step in stoppage is to categorize patients at high risk in order to know the way forward in which to help that particular individual. Risk factors may include the following. Prevention is the most crucial factor and determining the effective way to prevent such assumption is to overlook on that factors that contribute to such infections. After full recognition of that factors, focusing on the proper measures that should be taken into consideration to avoid those elements that affect the situation (Miller, 2013, p.178). Thus, interventions that can prevent iatrogenic complications may include the following: addressing proper medication to the patient by relying on primary evidence. In conclusion, Illich can be considered a prophet and not a rumourmonger. A prophet according to religion is a person who can tell about the future. This declaration has evolved from a number of his assumptions on medicine and his approaches towards the medicalization that are entirely based on his research of over twenty years. For instance, in UK there are several individuals who die of diseases linked to the effect of iatrogenesis in every year. This aspect is seen to affect the elderly people more than the young. Illich’s views on medicalization are shown to be very significant to the society as they enlightened individuals to be aware of some aspects that lead to iatrogenesis. With the evidence on health system, his philosophies are examined to be very significant in society since they mainly focused on the main areas that analyze medicalization. His predictions in several aspects support his research on the health systems in society and this fully defines him as a prophe t. It has been documented that no substantial addition to life expectancy or the quality of life critically ill patients has been achieved by high tech cost medical technology. As a contrast, there are many medical interventions, which are simple, cheap and often without any need of medicine yet are quite effective. However, such simple remedies are often neglect or ignored altogether. medicalization encourages our dependence on professional care, and on medical drugs. References Basford, L. & Oliver S. 2003. Theory and Practice of Nursing: An Integrated Approach to Patient Care. Cheltenham, U.K: Nelson Thornes. Gould, D., Brooker, C., & Gould, D. 2008. Infection prevention and control: applied microbiology for healthcare. Basingstoke [England], Palgrave Macmillan. Kazer, M. W. 2008. Essentials of gerontological nursing. New York, Springer. Miller, A. B. 2013. Epidemiologic studies in cancer prevention and screening. New York, NY, Springer. O’Dea, J. A., &Eriksen, M. P. 2010.Childhood obesity prevention: international research, controversies, and interventions. Oxford [U.K], Oxford University Press. Shaffer, D., Philips, I., &Enzer, N. B. 2009.Prevention of mental disorders, alcohol, and other drug use in children and adolescents. Rockville, Md. (5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville 20857), The Office. Source document