The Civil Rights Act of 1866 History and Impact

The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was the first law enacted by the United States Congress clearly defining U.S. citizenship and affirming that all citizens are equally protected by the law. The Act represented the first step, albeit an incomplete one,  towards civil and social equality for black Americans during the Reconstruction Period that followed the Civil War. Key Takeaways: Civil Rights Act of 1866 The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was the first federal law to affirm that all U.S. citizens are equally protected under the law.The Act also defined citizenship and made it illegal to deny any person of the rights of citizenship on the basis of their race or color.The Act failed to protect political or social rights like voting and equal accommodations.Today, the Civil Rights Act of 1866 is cited in Supreme Court cases dealing with discrimination. Where the Civil Rights Act of 1866 Succeeded The Civil Rights Act of 1866 contributed to the integration of blacks into mainstream American society by: Establishing that â€Å"all persons born in the United States† are citizens of the United States;Specifically defining the rights of American citizenship; andMaking it illegal to deny any person of these rights of citizenship on the basis of their race or color. Specifically, the 1866 Act stated that â€Å"all persons born in the United States† (except for American Indians) were â€Å"hereby declared to be citizens of the United States† and that â€Å"such citizens of every race and color . . . shall have the same right . . . as is enjoyed by white citizens.† Just two years later, in 1868, these rights were further protected by the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which addressed citizenship and guaranteed all citizens equal protection under the law. The 1866 Act reversed the 1857 Supreme Court ruling in the Dred Scott v. Sanford case, which had held that because of their foreign ancestry, native-born, free African Americans were not U.S. citizens and thus had no rights to sue in American courts. The Act also sought to override the infamous Black Codes enacted in Southern states, which restricted the freedom of African Americans and allowed racially discriminatory practices such as convict leasing. After first being passed by Congress in 1865, but vetoed by President Andrew Johnson, Congress again passed the bill re-framing it as a measure to support the Thirteenth Amendment, which had banned slavery throughout the United States. Although Johnson vetoed it again, the required two-thirds majority in both the House and Senate voted to override the veto and the Civil Rights Act of 1866 became law on April 9, 1866. In his veto message to Congress, Johnson stated that he objected to the federal government’s scope of enforcement implied by the legislation. Always a strong supporter of states’ rights, Johnson called the act â€Å"another step, or rather a stride, toward centralization and the concentration of all legislative power in the national Government.† Where the Civil Rights Act of 1866 Fell Short While certainly a forward step along the long road from slavery to full equality, the Civil Rights Act of 1866 left something to be desired. The Act guaranteed all citizens, regardless of race or color, protection of their â€Å"civil rights,† such as the right to file suit, make and enforce contracts, and to buy, sell, and inherit real and personal property. However, it did not protect their â€Å"political rights,† like voting and holding public office, or their â€Å"social rights,† ensuring equal access to public accommodations. This apparently glaring omission was actually the intent of Congress at the time. When he introduced the bill in the House, Rep. James F. Wilson of Iowa summarized its purpose as follows: It provides for the equality of citizens of the United States in the enjoyment of civil rights and immunities. What do these terms mean? Do they mean that in all things civil, social, political, all citizens, without distinction of race or color, shall be equal? By no means can they be so construed. Do they mean that all citizens shall vote in the several States? No; for suffrage is a political right which has been left under the control of the several States, subject to the action of Congress only when it becomes necessary to enforce the guarantee of a republican form of government. Nor do they mean that all citizens shall sit on the juries, or that their children shall attend the same schools. The definition given to the term civil rights †¦ is very concise, and is supported by the best authority. It is this: Civil rights are those which have no relation to the establishment, support, or management of government. Hoping to avoid President Johnson’s promised veto, Congress deleted the following key provision from the Act: â€Å"there shall be no discrimination in civil rights or immunities among the inhabitants of any State or Territory of the United States on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.† 1875 Brings One Step Forward, Several Steps Back Congress would attempt to correct this shortcoming with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1875. Sometimes referred to as the â€Å"Enforcement Act,† the 1875 Act guaranteed all citizens, including African Americans, equal access to public accommodations and public transportation, and prohibited their exclusion from jury service. Eight years later, however, the Supreme Court ruled in the Civil Rights Cases of 1883 that public accommodation sections of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 were unconstitutional, declaring that the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments did not give Congress the power to regulate the affairs of private individuals and businesses. As a result, African Americans, though legally â€Å"free† U.S. citizens, continued to face uncontrolled discrimination in almost all areas of society, economics, and politics. In 1896, the  Supreme Court, with its Plessy v. Ferguson decision, declared that racially-separate accommodations were legal as long as they were equal in quality and that the states had the power to enact laws requiring racial segregation in those accommodations. Due to the range of the Plessy ruling, the legislative and executive branches avoided the issue of civil rights for almost a century, leaving African Americans to suffer the inequities of the Jim Crow laws and â€Å"separate but equal† public schools. The Legacy of the Civil Rights Act of 1866: Equal at Last Also founded in 1866, racist terrorist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) soon spread into almost every southern state, largely preventing the 1866 Civil Rights Act from immediately securing the civil rights of African Americans. Although the Act made it illegal to discriminate in employment and housing on the basis of race, it failed to provide federal penalties, leaving it up to the individual victims to seek legal relief. Since many victims of racial discrimination were unable to access legal help, they were left without recourse. However, since the 1950s, the enactment of more comprehensive civil rights legislation has allowed for an increasing number of legal remedies arising from Supreme Court rulings based on the original Civil Rights Act of 1866, including the landmark decisions in Jones v. Mayer and Sullivan v. Little Hunting Park, Inc. decisions in 1968. The passions of the civil rights movement that spread across the nation during the 1950s and 1960s rekindled the spirit of the Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and 1875. Enacted as key elements of the â€Å"Great Society† program of President Lyndon Johnson, the Civil Rights Acts of 1964, the Fair Housing Act and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 all incorporated provisions of the 1866 and 1875 Civil Rights Acts. Today, as cases of discrimination continue to crop up in areas like affirmative action, voting rights, reproductive rights, and same-sex marriage, the Supreme Court commonly takes legal precedent from the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Sources â€Å"Congressional Globe, Debates and Proceedings, 1833-1873,† Library of Congress. OnlineDu Bois, W. E. B. â€Å"Black Reconstruction in America: 1860–1880.† New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1935.Foner, Eric. â€Å"Reconstruction: Americas Unfinished Revolution 1863–1877.† New York: Harper Row, 1988.Wilson, Theodore Brantner. â€Å"The Black Codes of the South.† University: University of Alabama Press, 1965.Woodward, C. Vann. â€Å"The Strange Career of Jim Crow.† 3d rev. ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.

Corporate Social Responsibility And Its Effect On The...

Corporate social responsibility is the voluntary actions firms take in order to address both its own competitive interests and the interests of wider society. Firms endeavour to integrate their principles and ethics into their production process, employee treatment and impact to the community as CSR affects the ways in which its stakeholders perceive a firm and this influences their behaviour towards the firm; and in turn profits. Stakeholders are those who are affected or can affect the firms’ performance, for example shareholders, investors, customers, employees, supplier and the government. CSR is the way a company conducts its business in relation to ethics, sustainability and transparency (Van Marrewijk 2003). Corporate Social†¦show more content†¦Carroll, a scholar on the topic. â€Å"The social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical and discretionary expectations that society has of organizations at a given point in time.† His definition is commonly used as it is open to the continuous change in CSR efforts and is highly applicable today as he writes â€Å"at a given point in time†. Also his definition is very broad and talks about both economic and ethical responsibilities of stakeholder. Another useful definition is by the European Commission who describes CSR as: â€Å"A concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis† (EU 2010). The EU’s definition is greatly applied as it’s more recent and contains two key elements, the social and the environmental aspects. Lastly the International Guidance Standard on Social Responsibility defined CSR as â€Å"†¦ the responsibility of an organization for the impact of its decisions activities on society and environment, though transparent and ethical behaviour that a) contributes to sustainable development, health and welfare of society; b) takes into account the expectation of stakeholders; c) is in compliance with applicable law and consistent with international norms of behaviour; and d) is integrated though the organization and practised in its relationships† (Blowfield and Murray, 2011). iii. SYNONYMS OF CSRShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Corporate Social Responsibility On Business1626 Words   |  7 Pages In contrast, this research shows that the impact of corporate social responsibility can extend beyond public relations and customer goodwill to influence the way consumers evaluate a company s products. Specifically, this research documents that acts of social goodwill--even when the y are unrelated to the company s core business, as in the case of charitable giving--can alter product perceptions, such that products of companies engaged in prosocial activities are perceived as performing betterRead MoreArguments for and Against Corporate Social Responsibility1004 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is corporate social responsibility? Give arguments for and against social responsibility? Ans. Social Responsibility Social responsibility can be defined as: â€Å"A business’s obligation to follow goals that are good for both organization and society in the long-term, and are not required by law.† Corporate Social Responsibility The term corporate social responsibility came in to common use in the early 1970s. It means the duty of an organization towards society in order to prove itselfRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr ) Encompasses Business Practices Involving Actions988 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility Corporate social responsibility (CSR) encompasses business practices involving actions that benefit the organization and the stakeholders, which comprises of the society (Schermerhorn, 2012). â€Å"CSR is becoming more mainstream because pioneer companies are embedding sustainability into the core of their business operations to create shared values collectively for business and society.† - Liz Maw Understanding Microsoft’s Corporate Social Responsibilities MicrosoftRead MoreThe Impact Of Business On The Environment889 Words   |  4 Pagestakes have an effect not just on the firm, but also on the external environment within which it operates. The local economic environment the firm operates and the global environment as a whole can be affected by an organization s action. Crowther et al. list some of such effects as: †¢ The utilization of natural resources as a part of its production processes †¢ The effected of competition between itself and other organizations in the same market †¢ The enrichment of a local community through the creationRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : A Company s Responsibility Essay1737 Words   |  7 Pages LITERATURE REVIEW Corporate Social Responsibility can be defined as a company’s responsibility to ensure ethical business behavior, contribution to the economic development of a country, improve the lifestyle of its own workforce and their family members, betterment of local community and overall society. It is some small amount of cost done by the company which effect can’t be seen in the present but in long term it promotes positive image for the company. Successful CSR program can take a companyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility in Brunei1423 Words   |  6 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility in Brunei Introduction Companies and governments are determined to involve in different activities that are required by public pressure. Such activities are usually part of corporate social responsibility practices. In other words, if companies want to establish a strong position on the market and to ensure the support of the customer segments they are targeting, they must do more than just develop high quality products and services. They must get involved in theRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesThe term Corporate Social Responsibility refers to a company’s responsibility to provide a benefit to the society the company affects. Corporate social responsibility incorporates dimensions of corporate responsibility, and corporate policy which include a company’s policy to hire minority or disabled workers, or taking a stance on social and political issues that benefit the community. The social portion of corporate social responsibility includes corporate c haritable business contributions andRead MoreConcept Of Corporate Social Responsibility1723 Words   |  7 PagesSocial responsibility is an idea that has been of concern to mankind for many years. Over the last two decades, however, it has become of increasing concern to the business world. This has resulted in growing interaction between governments, businesses and society as a whole. In the past, businesses primarily concerned themselves with the economic results of their decisions. â€Å"Today, however, businesses must also reflect on the legal, ethical, moral and social consequences of their decisions† (AndersonRead MoreThe Airline Industry And Tourism Industry1176 Words   |  5 PagesThe development of the airline industry has grown tremendously with technology and transformed the use of travel to an international basis. The sector of airlines in the tourism industry in modern times has grown in identifying its environmental, social, economic impacts and companies in itiatives in undertaking responsible management. The popularity of the airline industry first started after World War II. The size, scope and importance of the transportation sector began to heavily rely on theRead MoreWhat Does Corporate Responsibility Mean1518 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Does Corporate Social Responsibility Mean? Corporate initiative to assess and take responsibility for the company s effects on the environment and impact on social welfare. The term generally applies to company efforts that go beyond what may be required by regulators or environmental protection groups.  Ã‚   Corporate social responsibility may also be referred to as corporate citizenship and can involve incurring short-term costs that do not provide an immediate financial benefit to the

Corporate Social Responsibility And Its Effect On The...

Corporate social responsibility is the voluntary actions firms take in order to address both its own competitive interests and the interests of wider society. Firms endeavour to integrate their principles and ethics into their production process, employee treatment and impact to the community as CSR affects the ways in which its stakeholders perceive a firm and this influences their behaviour towards the firm; and in turn profits. Stakeholders are those who are affected or can affect the firms’ performance, for example shareholders, investors, customers, employees, supplier and the government. CSR is the way a company conducts its business in relation to ethics, sustainability and transparency (Van Marrewijk 2003). Corporate Social†¦show more content†¦Carroll, a scholar on the topic. â€Å"The social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical and discretionary expectations that society has of organizations at a given point in time.† His definition is commonly used as it is open to the continuous change in CSR efforts and is highly applicable today as he writes â€Å"at a given point in time†. Also his definition is very broad and talks about both economic and ethical responsibilities of stakeholder. Another useful definition is by the European Commission who describes CSR as: â€Å"A concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis† (EU 2010). The EU’s definition is greatly applied as it’s more recent and contains two key elements, the social and the environmental aspects. Lastly the International Guidance Standard on Social Responsibility defined CSR as â€Å"†¦ the responsibility of an organization for the impact of its decisions activities on society and environment, though transparent and ethical behaviour that a) contributes to sustainable development, health and welfare of society; b) takes into account the expectation of stakeholders; c) is in compliance with applicable law and consistent with international norms of behaviour; and d) is integrated though the organization and practised in its relationships† (Blowfield and Murray, 2011). iii. SYNONYMS OF CSRShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Corporate Social Responsibility On Business1626 Words   |  7 Pages In contrast, this research shows that the impact of corporate social responsibility can extend beyond public relations and customer goodwill to influence the way consumers evaluate a company s products. Specifically, this research documents that acts of social goodwill--even when the y are unrelated to the company s core business, as in the case of charitable giving--can alter product perceptions, such that products of companies engaged in prosocial activities are perceived as performing betterRead MoreArguments for and Against Corporate Social Responsibility1004 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is corporate social responsibility? Give arguments for and against social responsibility? Ans. Social Responsibility Social responsibility can be defined as: â€Å"A business’s obligation to follow goals that are good for both organization and society in the long-term, and are not required by law.† Corporate Social Responsibility The term corporate social responsibility came in to common use in the early 1970s. It means the duty of an organization towards society in order to prove itselfRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr ) Encompasses Business Practices Involving Actions988 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility Corporate social responsibility (CSR) encompasses business practices involving actions that benefit the organization and the stakeholders, which comprises of the society (Schermerhorn, 2012). â€Å"CSR is becoming more mainstream because pioneer companies are embedding sustainability into the core of their business operations to create shared values collectively for business and society.† - Liz Maw Understanding Microsoft’s Corporate Social Responsibilities MicrosoftRead MoreThe Impact Of Business On The Environment889 Words   |  4 Pagestakes have an effect not just on the firm, but also on the external environment within which it operates. The local economic environment the firm operates and the global environment as a whole can be affected by an organization s action. Crowther et al. list some of such effects as: †¢ The utilization of natural resources as a part of its production processes †¢ The effected of competition between itself and other organizations in the same market †¢ The enrichment of a local community through the creationRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : A Company s Responsibility Essay1737 Words   |  7 Pages LITERATURE REVIEW Corporate Social Responsibility can be defined as a company’s responsibility to ensure ethical business behavior, contribution to the economic development of a country, improve the lifestyle of its own workforce and their family members, betterment of local community and overall society. It is some small amount of cost done by the company which effect can’t be seen in the present but in long term it promotes positive image for the company. Successful CSR program can take a companyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility in Brunei1423 Words   |  6 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility in Brunei Introduction Companies and governments are determined to involve in different activities that are required by public pressure. Such activities are usually part of corporate social responsibility practices. In other words, if companies want to establish a strong position on the market and to ensure the support of the customer segments they are targeting, they must do more than just develop high quality products and services. They must get involved in theRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesThe term Corporate Social Responsibility refers to a company’s responsibility to provide a benefit to the society the company affects. Corporate social responsibility incorporates dimensions of corporate responsibility, and corporate policy which include a company’s policy to hire minority or disabled workers, or taking a stance on social and political issues that benefit the community. The social portion of corporate social responsibility includes corporate c haritable business contributions andRead MoreConcept Of Corporate Social Responsibility1723 Words   |  7 PagesSocial responsibility is an idea that has been of concern to mankind for many years. Over the last two decades, however, it has become of increasing concern to the business world. This has resulted in growing interaction between governments, businesses and society as a whole. In the past, businesses primarily concerned themselves with the economic results of their decisions. â€Å"Today, however, businesses must also reflect on the legal, ethical, moral and social consequences of their decisions† (AndersonRead MoreThe Airline Industry And Tourism Industry1176 Words   |  5 PagesThe development of the airline industry has grown tremendously with technology and transformed the use of travel to an international basis. The sector of airlines in the tourism industry in modern times has grown in identifying its environmental, social, economic impacts and companies in itiatives in undertaking responsible management. The popularity of the airline industry first started after World War II. The size, scope and importance of the transportation sector began to heavily rely on theRead MoreWhat Does Corporate Responsibility Mean1518 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Does Corporate Social Responsibility Mean? Corporate initiative to assess and take responsibility for the company s effects on the environment and impact on social welfare. The term generally applies to company efforts that go beyond what may be required by regulators or environmental protection groups.  Ã‚   Corporate social responsibility may also be referred to as corporate citizenship and can involve incurring short-term costs that do not provide an immediate financial benefit to the

Corporate Social Responsibility And Its Effect On The...

Corporate social responsibility is the voluntary actions firms take in order to address both its own competitive interests and the interests of wider society. Firms endeavour to integrate their principles and ethics into their production process, employee treatment and impact to the community as CSR affects the ways in which its stakeholders perceive a firm and this influences their behaviour towards the firm; and in turn profits. Stakeholders are those who are affected or can affect the firms’ performance, for example shareholders, investors, customers, employees, supplier and the government. CSR is the way a company conducts its business in relation to ethics, sustainability and transparency (Van Marrewijk 2003). Corporate Social†¦show more content†¦Carroll, a scholar on the topic. â€Å"The social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical and discretionary expectations that society has of organizations at a given point in time.† His definition is commonly used as it is open to the continuous change in CSR efforts and is highly applicable today as he writes â€Å"at a given point in time†. Also his definition is very broad and talks about both economic and ethical responsibilities of stakeholder. Another useful definition is by the European Commission who describes CSR as: â€Å"A concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis† (EU 2010). The EU’s definition is greatly applied as it’s more recent and contains two key elements, the social and the environmental aspects. Lastly the International Guidance Standard on Social Responsibility defined CSR as â€Å"†¦ the responsibility of an organization for the impact of its decisions activities on society and environment, though transparent and ethical behaviour that a) contributes to sustainable development, health and welfare of society; b) takes into account the expectation of stakeholders; c) is in compliance with applicable law and consistent with international norms of behaviour; and d) is integrated though the organization and practised in its relationships† (Blowfield and Murray, 2011). iii. SYNONYMS OF CSRShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Corporate Social Responsibility On Business1626 Words   |  7 Pages In contrast, this research shows that the impact of corporate social responsibility can extend beyond public relations and customer goodwill to influence the way consumers evaluate a company s products. Specifically, this research documents that acts of social goodwill--even when the y are unrelated to the company s core business, as in the case of charitable giving--can alter product perceptions, such that products of companies engaged in prosocial activities are perceived as performing betterRead MoreArguments for and Against Corporate Social Responsibility1004 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is corporate social responsibility? Give arguments for and against social responsibility? Ans. Social Responsibility Social responsibility can be defined as: â€Å"A business’s obligation to follow goals that are good for both organization and society in the long-term, and are not required by law.† Corporate Social Responsibility The term corporate social responsibility came in to common use in the early 1970s. It means the duty of an organization towards society in order to prove itselfRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr ) Encompasses Business Practices Involving Actions988 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility Corporate social responsibility (CSR) encompasses business practices involving actions that benefit the organization and the stakeholders, which comprises of the society (Schermerhorn, 2012). â€Å"CSR is becoming more mainstream because pioneer companies are embedding sustainability into the core of their business operations to create shared values collectively for business and society.† - Liz Maw Understanding Microsoft’s Corporate Social Responsibilities MicrosoftRead MoreThe Impact Of Business On The Environment889 Words   |  4 Pagestakes have an effect not just on the firm, but also on the external environment within which it operates. The local economic environment the firm operates and the global environment as a whole can be affected by an organization s action. Crowther et al. list some of such effects as: †¢ The utilization of natural resources as a part of its production processes †¢ The effected of competition between itself and other organizations in the same market †¢ The enrichment of a local community through the creationRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : A Company s Responsibility Essay1737 Words   |  7 Pages LITERATURE REVIEW Corporate Social Responsibility can be defined as a company’s responsibility to ensure ethical business behavior, contribution to the economic development of a country, improve the lifestyle of its own workforce and their family members, betterment of local community and overall society. It is some small amount of cost done by the company which effect can’t be seen in the present but in long term it promotes positive image for the company. Successful CSR program can take a companyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility in Brunei1423 Words   |  6 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility in Brunei Introduction Companies and governments are determined to involve in different activities that are required by public pressure. Such activities are usually part of corporate social responsibility practices. In other words, if companies want to establish a strong position on the market and to ensure the support of the customer segments they are targeting, they must do more than just develop high quality products and services. They must get involved in theRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesThe term Corporate Social Responsibility refers to a company’s responsibility to provide a benefit to the society the company affects. Corporate social responsibility incorporates dimensions of corporate responsibility, and corporate policy which include a company’s policy to hire minority or disabled workers, or taking a stance on social and political issues that benefit the community. The social portion of corporate social responsibility includes corporate c haritable business contributions andRead MoreConcept Of Corporate Social Responsibility1723 Words   |  7 PagesSocial responsibility is an idea that has been of concern to mankind for many years. Over the last two decades, however, it has become of increasing concern to the business world. This has resulted in growing interaction between governments, businesses and society as a whole. In the past, businesses primarily concerned themselves with the economic results of their decisions. â€Å"Today, however, businesses must also reflect on the legal, ethical, moral and social consequences of their decisions† (AndersonRead MoreThe Airline Industry And Tourism Industry1176 Words   |  5 PagesThe development of the airline industry has grown tremendously with technology and transformed the use of travel to an international basis. The sector of airlines in the tourism industry in modern times has grown in identifying its environmental, social, economic impacts and companies in itiatives in undertaking responsible management. The popularity of the airline industry first started after World War II. The size, scope and importance of the transportation sector began to heavily rely on theRead MoreWhat Does Corporate Responsibility Mean1518 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Does Corporate Social Responsibility Mean? Corporate initiative to assess and take responsibility for the company s effects on the environment and impact on social welfare. The term generally applies to company efforts that go beyond what may be required by regulators or environmental protection groups.  Ã‚   Corporate social responsibility may also be referred to as corporate citizenship and can involve incurring short-term costs that do not provide an immediate financial benefit to the

Corporate Social Responsibility And Its Effect On The...

Corporate social responsibility is the voluntary actions firms take in order to address both its own competitive interests and the interests of wider society. Firms endeavour to integrate their principles and ethics into their production process, employee treatment and impact to the community as CSR affects the ways in which its stakeholders perceive a firm and this influences their behaviour towards the firm; and in turn profits. Stakeholders are those who are affected or can affect the firms’ performance, for example shareholders, investors, customers, employees, supplier and the government. CSR is the way a company conducts its business in relation to ethics, sustainability and transparency (Van Marrewijk 2003). Corporate Social†¦show more content†¦Carroll, a scholar on the topic. â€Å"The social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical and discretionary expectations that society has of organizations at a given point in time.† His definition is commonly used as it is open to the continuous change in CSR efforts and is highly applicable today as he writes â€Å"at a given point in time†. Also his definition is very broad and talks about both economic and ethical responsibilities of stakeholder. Another useful definition is by the European Commission who describes CSR as: â€Å"A concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis† (EU 2010). The EU’s definition is greatly applied as it’s more recent and contains two key elements, the social and the environmental aspects. Lastly the International Guidance Standard on Social Responsibility defined CSR as â€Å"†¦ the responsibility of an organization for the impact of its decisions activities on society and environment, though transparent and ethical behaviour that a) contributes to sustainable development, health and welfare of society; b) takes into account the expectation of stakeholders; c) is in compliance with applicable law and consistent with international norms of behaviour; and d) is integrated though the organization and practised in its relationships† (Blowfield and Murray, 2011). iii. SYNONYMS OF CSRShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Corporate Social Responsibility On Business1626 Words   |  7 Pages In contrast, this research shows that the impact of corporate social responsibility can extend beyond public relations and customer goodwill to influence the way consumers evaluate a company s products. Specifically, this research documents that acts of social goodwill--even when the y are unrelated to the company s core business, as in the case of charitable giving--can alter product perceptions, such that products of companies engaged in prosocial activities are perceived as performing betterRead MoreArguments for and Against Corporate Social Responsibility1004 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is corporate social responsibility? Give arguments for and against social responsibility? Ans. Social Responsibility Social responsibility can be defined as: â€Å"A business’s obligation to follow goals that are good for both organization and society in the long-term, and are not required by law.† Corporate Social Responsibility The term corporate social responsibility came in to common use in the early 1970s. It means the duty of an organization towards society in order to prove itselfRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr ) Encompasses Business Practices Involving Actions988 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility Corporate social responsibility (CSR) encompasses business practices involving actions that benefit the organization and the stakeholders, which comprises of the society (Schermerhorn, 2012). â€Å"CSR is becoming more mainstream because pioneer companies are embedding sustainability into the core of their business operations to create shared values collectively for business and society.† - Liz Maw Understanding Microsoft’s Corporate Social Responsibilities MicrosoftRead MoreThe Impact Of Business On The Environment889 Words   |  4 Pagestakes have an effect not just on the firm, but also on the external environment within which it operates. The local economic environment the firm operates and the global environment as a whole can be affected by an organization s action. Crowther et al. list some of such effects as: †¢ The utilization of natural resources as a part of its production processes †¢ The effected of competition between itself and other organizations in the same market †¢ The enrichment of a local community through the creationRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : A Company s Responsibility Essay1737 Words   |  7 Pages LITERATURE REVIEW Corporate Social Responsibility can be defined as a company’s responsibility to ensure ethical business behavior, contribution to the economic development of a country, improve the lifestyle of its own workforce and their family members, betterment of local community and overall society. It is some small amount of cost done by the company which effect can’t be seen in the present but in long term it promotes positive image for the company. Successful CSR program can take a companyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility in Brunei1423 Words   |  6 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility in Brunei Introduction Companies and governments are determined to involve in different activities that are required by public pressure. Such activities are usually part of corporate social responsibility practices. In other words, if companies want to establish a strong position on the market and to ensure the support of the customer segments they are targeting, they must do more than just develop high quality products and services. They must get involved in theRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesThe term Corporate Social Responsibility refers to a company’s responsibility to provide a benefit to the society the company affects. Corporate social responsibility incorporates dimensions of corporate responsibility, and corporate policy which include a company’s policy to hire minority or disabled workers, or taking a stance on social and political issues that benefit the community. The social portion of corporate social responsibility includes corporate c haritable business contributions andRead MoreConcept Of Corporate Social Responsibility1723 Words   |  7 PagesSocial responsibility is an idea that has been of concern to mankind for many years. Over the last two decades, however, it has become of increasing concern to the business world. This has resulted in growing interaction between governments, businesses and society as a whole. In the past, businesses primarily concerned themselves with the economic results of their decisions. â€Å"Today, however, businesses must also reflect on the legal, ethical, moral and social consequences of their decisions† (AndersonRead MoreThe Airline Industry And Tourism Industry1176 Words   |  5 PagesThe development of the airline industry has grown tremendously with technology and transformed the use of travel to an international basis. The sector of airlines in the tourism industry in modern times has grown in identifying its environmental, social, economic impacts and companies in itiatives in undertaking responsible management. The popularity of the airline industry first started after World War II. The size, scope and importance of the transportation sector began to heavily rely on theRead MoreWhat Does Corporate Responsibility Mean1518 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Does Corporate Social Responsibility Mean? Corporate initiative to assess and take responsibility for the company s effects on the environment and impact on social welfare. The term generally applies to company efforts that go beyond what may be required by regulators or environmental protection groups.  Ã‚   Corporate social responsibility may also be referred to as corporate citizenship and can involve incurring short-term costs that do not provide an immediate financial benefit to the

Corporate Social Responsibility And Its Effect On The...

Corporate social responsibility is the voluntary actions firms take in order to address both its own competitive interests and the interests of wider society. Firms endeavour to integrate their principles and ethics into their production process, employee treatment and impact to the community as CSR affects the ways in which its stakeholders perceive a firm and this influences their behaviour towards the firm; and in turn profits. Stakeholders are those who are affected or can affect the firms’ performance, for example shareholders, investors, customers, employees, supplier and the government. CSR is the way a company conducts its business in relation to ethics, sustainability and transparency (Van Marrewijk 2003). Corporate Social†¦show more content†¦Carroll, a scholar on the topic. â€Å"The social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical and discretionary expectations that society has of organizations at a given point in time.† His definition is commonly used as it is open to the continuous change in CSR efforts and is highly applicable today as he writes â€Å"at a given point in time†. Also his definition is very broad and talks about both economic and ethical responsibilities of stakeholder. Another useful definition is by the European Commission who describes CSR as: â€Å"A concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis† (EU 2010). The EU’s definition is greatly applied as it’s more recent and contains two key elements, the social and the environmental aspects. Lastly the International Guidance Standard on Social Responsibility defined CSR as â€Å"†¦ the responsibility of an organization for the impact of its decisions activities on society and environment, though transparent and ethical behaviour that a) contributes to sustainable development, health and welfare of society; b) takes into account the expectation of stakeholders; c) is in compliance with applicable law and consistent with international norms of behaviour; and d) is integrated though the organization and practised in its relationships† (Blowfield and Murray, 2011). iii. SYNONYMS OF CSRShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Corporate Social Responsibility On Business1626 Words   |  7 Pages In contrast, this research shows that the impact of corporate social responsibility can extend beyond public relations and customer goodwill to influence the way consumers evaluate a company s products. 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Corporate social responsibility incorporates dimensions of corporate responsibility, and corporate policy which include a company’s policy to hire minority or disabled workers, or taking a stance on social and political issues that benefit the community. The social portion of corporate social responsibility includes corporate c haritable business contributions andRead MoreConcept Of Corporate Social Responsibility1723 Words   |  7 PagesSocial responsibility is an idea that has been of concern to mankind for many years. Over the last two decades, however, it has become of increasing concern to the business world. This has resulted in growing interaction between governments, businesses and society as a whole. In the past, businesses primarily concerned themselves with the economic results of their decisions. â€Å"Today, however, businesses must also reflect on the legal, ethical, moral and social consequences of their decisions† (AndersonRead MoreThe Airline Industry And Tourism Industry1176 Words   |  5 PagesThe development of the airline industry has grown tremendously with technology and transformed the use of travel to an international basis. The sector of airlines in the tourism industry in modern times has grown in identifying its environmental, social, economic impacts and companies in itiatives in undertaking responsible management. The popularity of the airline industry first started after World War II. The size, scope and importance of the transportation sector began to heavily rely on theRead MoreWhat Does Corporate Responsibility Mean1518 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Does Corporate Social Responsibility Mean? Corporate initiative to assess and take responsibility for the company s effects on the environment and impact on social welfare. The term generally applies to company efforts that go beyond what may be required by regulators or environmental protection groups.  Ã‚   Corporate social responsibility may also be referred to as corporate citizenship and can involve incurring short-term costs that do not provide an immediate financial benefit to the

Sample Persuasive Message Free Essays

In this paper the subject to identify is three behaviors inherent in e-tailing, explain how each medium enables e-commerce, and analyze each behavior using the communication process. The three behaviors to be discussed are independent variables, intervening variables, and dependent variables. Two types of independent variables are personal characteristics and environmental variables (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Persuasive Message or any similar topic only for you Order Now Personal characteristics refer to the demographic factors, internal individual factors, and behavioral characteristics (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). Environmental refers to social, cultural, community, and other environmental variables such as available information, government regulations, legal constraints, and situational factors (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). Intervening variables controlled by vendors, as in pricing, advertising, branding, physical environment, and promotions. The physical environment includes in store displays, logistic support, technical support, and customer services all are important to the consumer (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). By showing a company’s product online for the consumer it fulfills the intervening variable. The dependent variable is the buying decision, the consumer ask several questions such as, â€Å"How much to buy? † â€Å"Where to buy the product? † and â€Å"When to buy the product? † These decisions depend on the independent and intervening variables (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). By using personalization in e-commerce a company is referring to matching service, products, and advertising to individuals and their preferences based on what the company knows about the individual user (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). The three steps, services of personalization are: personalized services are built on a one-on-one communication channel, individual service built on the sequence of clicks, page request, or items added to shopping carts. The third universal services are the product search function or reading of customer reviews. These three strategies will increase satisfaction, build relationship, generate lock-in situations, and realize greater produce or service turnover (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). Under independent variable the company must know itself the services and products they are providing to the customers. Then the company has to determine how it will arrive at the information to the customer through websites or mailers. The company must determine who will receive the massages. This hypothetical company has to determine where it is obtaining its products from. So advertising can be put into place around those products. Thus, informing the customer/receiver through varies technology where the product comes from (University of Phoenix, 2011). The dependent variable sets the companies course to who, what, when, where, why, and how. With personalization the company must match all services and products to different demographics. These demographics are the targets for the products and services the company is advertising. Using detailing in this manner should permit growth and larger profit margins. Part of existing in e-tailing is customer satisfaction. Given the changes in the world with more people going online for product maintaining customer satisfaction in the online shopping experience is more important. The high levels of customer satisfaction are associated with repeat purchases and positive word-of-mouth (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). The customer needs to trust the e-tailer that the product he or she receives will be like the one in the picture on the web page. Trust is particularly important in e-commerce transactions because of the difficulties of taking legal action (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). The buyers and sellers must trust the e-commerce’s computing environment and the infrastructure. If they do not feel comfortable or trust security of the infrastructure he or she will not buy the product he or she was looking to buy (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). There are two ways to increase trust in e-commerce the following are: 1. ) Affiliate with an objective third party. This builds trust by putting hypertext links on their website to other trusted reputable companies. 2. ) Establish trustworthiness through these key elements integrity, competence, and security (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). The organizational behaviors are similar, to individuals with a few differences, the individual is more the business-to-consumer where family and Internet communities can have an influence. The organizational is more the business-to-business concept where family and Internet communities have no influence on purchases (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). Marketing and advertising processes for organizations are different. The traditional way to market goods was through trade shows, magazines, newspapers, and salespeople calling. With the digital world or e-commerce an organization could use online directory, matching, the marketing and advertising service of exchanges, co-branding or alliances, affiliate programs, online marketing, or e-communities (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). Some organizations that venture into the e-wholesalers, this kind of intermediary sells directly to businesses exclusively online (Turban, King, McKay, Marshall, Lee, Viehland, 2008). With all the new technology coming out in the world a large amount of individuals and organizations are turning to the Internet to buy and sell products and services all over the world. References Internal Revenue Service (2011) Electronic Payment Options for Businesses and Individuals. Retrieved from http://www.irs.gov/efile/article/O,,id=101316,00.html Turban, E., King, D., McKay, J., Marshall, P., Lee, J., Viehland, D. (2008) Electronic Commerce 2008: A Managerial Perspective (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. University of Phoenix (2011) University of Phoenix Material: COMM470 Version 3 Appendix A How to cite Sample Persuasive Message, Essays